美国代写report：改革政治和经济政策

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美国代写report：改革政治和经济政策

斯蒂格利茨已经完成了这本书，其中涉及改革议程，包括改革政治和经济政策，可能导致制度高效率，创造就业机会，解决与不平等有关的问题（Stiglitz，102） 。他认为有可能有更好的制度，因为在这段时间内进行了重要的改革。总而言之，他对美国政治和能力进行重要改革进程更加悲观，因为有钱有力的人有资源和激励反对。与不平等有关的问题确实是非常复杂和有争议的，以便在这本书中详尽地解决。
建立测试假设的实证和理论依据已经做好了，因为收入最高的收入增长是以贫困家庭为代价的，而中等收入本质上仍然是有争议的。这本书从政治经济学的角度来看，政治政策和放松管制措施将低收入和中等收入家庭的利益划分为边缘化（Stiglitz，98）。在市场经济运行的社会政治环境中，强调了这一点，其结果受到政府政策对实现公平，健全的经济体制的失败或有效性的影响。从这个论点获得的士气是以可持续的方式解决不平等的问题，需要改革政治和政策的力量，开始崛起，并有助于维持这些不平等。

美国代写report：改革政治和经济政策

This book has been concluded by Stiglitz with a recipe regarding agenda of reform that cover both, reforms of politics and policy of economy that could result in making the system highly efficient, generating jobs, and addressing the issues related to inequality (Stiglitz, 102). It has been contended by him that there is possibility of better system given that the important reforms are undertaken within this duration of time. In concluding this point, he has been more pessimistic regarding the process of politics and ability of America for undertaking the important reforms as the moneyed and powerful have the resources and incentive for fighting against it. The issues related to inequality are indeed highly complicated and contentious for being addressed in an exhaustive manner within this particular book.

Establishing empirical and theoretical evidence for testing the hypothesis has been done as there is initiation of growth in income at the top most level at the cost of poor households and middle income has still been contentious in nature. It has been argued by the book from the perspective of political economy how policies of government and measures of deregulation marginalized the interests held by the families of low income and middle income (Stiglitz, 98). Emphasis has been laid in the books that forces of market operate in an environment of socio- politics and the result is affected by the failure or effectiveness of government policies for bringing about an equitable and robust system of economy. The morale obtained from this argument is that to address the issues of inequality in a sustainable way that needs to reform the forces of politics and policies of government that initiate a rise and helps in sustaining them in a significant manner.

美国代写论文：青年失业 

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美国代写论文：青年失业

失业是经济增长和发展的危机。青年失业是美国目前面临的一个这样的危机。 （今日美国）他们正面临着越来越少的技能，较少的工作经验和较小的网络。 2010年毕业生失业率高达8％。由于2007年至2009年经济衰退，经济受到严重打击。住房价格受到严重打击，导致亚利桑那州和尤马等城市地区的失业率下降了23％。 （Thomas C. Frohlich和Mark Lieberman）住房市场的居民接受教育，但面临最低的失业率。这对经济学家和政策管理者构成威胁。失业也严重影响了股市。 （哈德森）除了GDP，通货膨胀率和利率等其他因素外，失业是决定经济健康的重要因素。这是宏观经济指标，是政策制定者制定政策的重要因素。微观经济学的大问题是财政倍增，实际造成失业？

货币政策影响到就业，财政政策措施也受到影响。失业是由生产功能失衡等因素造成的。失业导致经济涟漪效应。 （今日美国）经济学家认为这是经济的滞后指标。当一个人失业时，意味着他/她不缴纳税款其实将从政府中提取更多的保险。如果一个国家在经济上不稳定，就会造成违约和高额债务。股市投资者将失去对市场的信心，这将增加国家的赤字，减少税收。（美国今天）为了弥补税收损失，将提高税收的税率，付款人，这将迫使每个人以较少的节省支付更高的税。

美国代写论文：青年失业

Unemployment is a crisis for any economy’s growth and development. The youth unemployment is one such crisis that USA is facing right now. (USA TODAY) They are facing many hurdles like fewer skills, less work experience and smaller networks. Unemployment rates have been higher for recent graduates about 8% in 2010. Due to the Great Recession between 2007 and 2009, the economy was hit badly. The housing prices were severely hit and that led to unemployment in metro areas like Arizona and Yuma with 23% unemployment. (Thomas C. Frohlich and Mark Lieberman) Residents of the housing markets are educated yet are facing the lowest unemployment rates. This poses a threat to the economists and policy administrators both. Unemployment has also badly affected the stock market. Why?(Hudson) In addition to various other factors such as GDP, inflation and interest rates, unemployment is an important factor to determine the health of an economy. It is a macroeconomic indicator and is an important factor for policy administrators to formulate policies. The big issue in microeconomics is the fiscal multiplier and what actually causes unemployment?

The monetary policy affects the employment and so does the fiscal policy measures. Unemployment is caused by various factors like imbalance in the production function. Unemployment causes a ripple effect in the economy. (USA TODAY) Economists consider this to be a lagging indicator of the economy. When a person is unemployed it means that he/she will not pay the taxes in fact will extract more insurance from the government. If a country is not financially stable it will cause default and higher debts. The investors in the stock market will lose confidence in the market and that will increase the State’s deficit and reduce the tax revenue.(USA TODAY) In order to compensate for the loss in tax revenue, it will raise the tax rates for the tax-payers and that will force everyone to pay higher taxes with very minimal savings.

 

美国论文代写：范围经济

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美国论文代写：范围经济

范围经济可以定义为企业在提供多种产品而不是专门从事制造、生产或交付单一产品或服务时所面临的成本优势。如果一家公司能生产出比单独的公司更便宜的产品线的最佳产出水平，那么每一家公司都能在最佳产出水平上生产出唯一的产品。范围经济来源于投入的分配或联合部署，并导致单位成本的减少。范围经济通常与单位成本在产出上升时向下移动的事实相联系。（1996；普赖拉粉红2006）。

在制药行业，规模经济是非常重要的，因为它降低了研究和开发成本的主要程度，因为研发是制药工业必须面对的主要成本。如果是感冒药行业，公司在引进感冒药时，就可以采用范围经济来治疗感冒药。例如疾病如感冒和发烧，也用于感冒和流感的药物如对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸去氧肾上腺素、Dextromethorphan hydrobromide制造类似的化学品，如感冒药等行业采用范围经济，这将节省研发的成本因此面临生产更多量的剂量为疾病类似的边际成本显著降低。

规模经济可以定义为在总产出增加时降低平均生产成本的因素。这些公司期待着生产更多的商品和服务，从而相对降低单位或可变成本，这有助于公司降低生产成本，并享有与竞争对手相比的竞争优势。

美国论文代写：范围经济

Economies of scope can be defined as the cost advantages that are faced by the firms when they prefer to provide a variety of products instead of specializing in the manufacturing, production or delivering of a sole product or service. If a firm can produce an optimum level of output of each its product line cheaper than a blend of separate firms, each producing a sole product at an optimum output level. Economies of scope arise from the allocation or joint deployment of inputs and lead to lessening in per unit costs. Economy of scope is usually linked to the fact in which per unit cost moves downwards when the output rises. (Given 1996; Preyra & Pink 2006).

In case of pharmaceutical industries, the economies of scale are very important as it reduces a major degree of research and development cost, as R&D is the major cost that pharmaceutical industry has to face. In case of cold medication industry the company has benefit to adopt the economies of scope in introducing the medicine for flu, when they are already dealing in the market for medication for cold. For example for illness like cold and fever, there are similar chemicals used in manufacturing of  medicines for cold and flu such as Acetaminophen, Phenylephrine hydrochloride, Dextromethorphan hydrobromide, etc. If the industries of cold medication adopt the economies of scope, it will save the cost of R&D hence facing a prominent decrease in marginal cost of producing extra amount of doses for similar kind of diseases.

Economies of scale can be defined as the factor that can reduce average cost of production when the overall output increases. The companies look forward for producing a larger amount of goods and service, which relatively reduce the per unit or variable cost, which helps the company to reduce its cost of production and enjoys the competitive advantage over the rivals.

 

美国论文代写：经济萧条的后果

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美国论文代写：经济萧条的后果

在这一过程中存在着问责和透明度的问题，就像问题资产救助计划(CGF,2009)的情况一样。一些稳定措施，如ARRA，因为失业率没有下降，ARRA项目的意图也受到了审查。据估计，财政推动的结果是积极的，但事实并非如此，其峰值达到了9.6%，但并没有出现积极的好转。然而，这些都是社会的担忧，单是美国的经济就不足以解释它。低工资可能没有激励人们去寻找工作，这可能是失业率没有下降的原因。

经济衰退也影响了其他部门，联邦储备委员会第13(3)条执行了(这一节在大萧条期间曾实施过)。这项法律是为了通过与刺激计划(一级交易商信贷工具(PDCF))的关系来帮助增加资金流动而制定的。为了使经济恢复到复苏阶段(耶伦，2009)，在这些举措中使用了6000亿美元的一揽子计划。

制定的财政政策和货币政策是为了使经济恢复到自我管理的恢复阶段。GDP下降，失业率上升，消费下降，更多的企业倒闭。金融机构宣布破产。美国政府在联邦一级,总统的直接监督下和从美国联邦储备理事会(美联储,fed)的权威,通过实施财政和货币包能够恢复国家的经济更恢复过去的年GDP显示状态。

美国论文代写：经济萧条的后果

There were concerns in the process, of both accountability and transparency, as in the case of the troubled asset relief program (CGF, 2009). Some stabilization packages such as the ARRA came under scrutiny because the unemployment rates did not go down, as was the intention of the ARRA programs. The Fiscal push was estimated to create a positive turn around, however, this was not the case in reality, and it peaked to 9.6 percent as was estimated but did not have a positive turnaround. However, these are concerns of the society, and economy of the United States alone might not be enough to explain it. Low wages might not have motivated people to seek jobs, and this could be the reason why unemployment rates did not drop.

The economic recession was also affecting other sectors, and the Federal Reserve section 13(3) was implemented (This section was previously implemented during the great Depression). The law was enacted in order to help increase money flow using the as pertaining to the stimulus program, the Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF). A 600 billion dollars package was used in these initiatives in order to bring back the economy to a recovery phase (Yellen, 2009).

The fiscal and the monetary policies that were formulated were created in order to bring the economy back to a self manageable recovery phase. The falling GDP, the increased unemployment rates, lowered consumption, and more led to the failure of many businesses. Financial institutions announced bankruptcy. The United States Administration working at both the federal level, both under direct supervision of the President and from the authority of the Federal Reserve, by implementing both fiscal and monetary packages was able to bring back the country’s economy to a more recovered state as the past years GDP indicates.