翻譯論文：手機市場的競爭

在： ,

翻譯論文：手機市場的競爭
預期對市場價格和數量的影響在市場上手機的每一種情況下，當消費者收入增加，更多的人想買手機，然後對手機的需求增加。當個人購買力因收入增加而增加時，收入效應就開始發揮作用。因此，如果一件商品需要質量，人們就會購買更多。本分析不考慮劣質手機。通常在經濟分析中，善意被認為是正常的好，劣的好或互補的好，這是依賴於消費的。這裡的手機是正常的好。假設所討論的手機是人們想要的，也是人們想買的，那麼可以說收入的增加與需求曲線是正相關的。需求曲線向右平移。手機的價格會因為市場的需求而上漲，而市場上的手機數量也會隨著需求的增加而增加。另一種解釋是，當手機不是理想的商品時，當收入增加時，手機會向左移動。產品製造成本、製造中的運營成本、產品分銷和交付成本是決定產品最終成本的一些成本。產品的技術支持將有助於降低生產成本、運營成本等。這將反過來幫助該公司降低每台手機給客戶的成本。
因此，當技術改進降低生產成本時，每部手機的總成本就會降低。這意味著價格下降。對於一種正常的商品，當它在市場上是可取的，當它的價格下降時，消費者會傾向於購買它。顧客需要了解他們在市場經濟中購買的商品(Dongling, 1999)。市場經濟的競爭本質就是圍繞著這一點構建的。因此，當一種產品的價格下降時，由於顧客想要購買，對該產品的需求就會增加。因此，需求量將上升，導致需求曲線傾斜。從上圖中可以看出不同價格水平下的需求量。價格越低，需求越大，反之亦然。然而，這裡也有例外。一部手機有一定的使用壽命，如果消費者已經有了​​一部手機，他們可能就不會再買同一型號的手機了。其次，手機市場競爭非常激烈，消費者有不同的選擇。對所有手機製造商來說，移動產品的技術支持都在以一種相當平衡的方式增長，因此成本控制不僅依賴於技術，還依賴於地理等其他因素。

翻譯論文：手機市場的競爭

Expected effect on market price and quantity in the market for mobile phone handsets of each of the following circumstancesWhen consumer income rises and more of them want to buy mobile phone handsets, then the demand for the mobile phone handsets increases. The income effect comes into play here as when individual purchasing power increases because of their rising income. A good in question will hence be bought more if it is required quality. Inferior quality mobile phones are not considered for this analysis. The assumption made here is that the mobile phone is of good quality or normal quality. .Usually in economic analysis, a good will is considered as normal good, inferior good or complementary well which is interdependent on consumption. Here the mobile phone is a normal good.Assuming that the mobile phone handset in question is one that is desirable and one that people want to buy, it could be said that an increase in income will have a positive correlation on the demand curve. The demand curve is shifted to the right. The price of the phone increases because of the demand in the market and the quantity of phones in the market will increase as a response to demand. Alternatively, a shift to the left is observed in the case of increased income when the phone in question is not a desirable good. Product manufacturing costs, operational costs in manufacturing, product distribution and delivery costs are some of the costs that are tied up in the determination of the end costs for products. The technical support available for a product will be helpful in driving down the manufacturing costs, operational costs etc. This in turn will help the company to drive down their cost per handset to customer.
Thus when the technical improvements reduce production costs, then the overall cost per handset could be brought down. This means that the price declines. For a normal good, when the good is desirable in the market and when the price goes down for it, consumers will tend to buy it. The customers are expected to be knowledgeable about the good they buy in a market economy (Dongling, 1999). The very competitive nature of the market economy is structured around this. Therefore when the price for a product declines, then the demand for the product would increase as customers will want to buy it. The quantity demanded will hence raise leading to a sloping demand curve. Quantity demanded at different price levels can be seen in the above diagram. The lower the price is, the higher the demands and vice versa. However, there are any exceptions to the case here. A mobile phone handset has a certain life time and consumers would probably not want to buy another handset of the same model if they already have an existing handset. Secondly, the mobile phone market is a very competitive one, and consumers have a different variety of choices to choose from. Technology support for mobile goods increases in a rather balanced way for all mobile phone manufacturers, so cost control is not just dependent on technology but other factors such as geography etc.

科罗拉多矿业大学：压力控制系统

在： ,

科罗拉多矿业大学：压力控制系统

MPD的某些系统侧重于对井涌的初始检测，而其他系统则侧重于PWD的相关性和压力。然而，所有的MPD系统都有一个关键的区别，那就是每个系统所取得的成就。MPD自动化现在已经成为一种不断发展的新技术。在MPD自动化操作过程中如何减少压力变化的研究是一个并行的研究(Breyholtz Nygaard和Siahaan 2010)。目前，MPD的控制系统主要是通过储层孔隙压力和裂缝起始压力，将压力维持在钻窗范围内。压力控制环空自动化系统的存在利用了具有伪实时的水力模型。这样做的目的是为了确定适当的背压，然后打开或关闭节流器，以限制油井的流量，同时确保保持背压。
Jon(2010)认为，MPD是一种基本的压力循环和封闭系统，有利于井筒压力的精确管理。Kohler(2009)提出，在开放系统中，钻井液管道向大气压力开放，而封闭系统中的钻井液在压力作用下流动(Couturier et al. 2015)。正如Kevin(2006)所暗示的，MPD利用的主要好处是通过控制背压而不是泥浆的赖特来动态地控制压力。该方法的定义是通过减少MPT，减轻钻井的危险，并允许在复杂的自然区域进行钻井，从而优化钻井过程。根据Mariam(2004)的研究，节流器内部的调整允许必和必拓内部快速方式的改变。

科罗拉多矿业大学：压力控制系统

Certain systems of MPD have had a focus over initial detection of kicks while others have focused over PWD correlation and pressure. However, all the systems of MPD have both with the key distinction that lies within achievement made by each. MPD automation has now become a newer technology that evolves continuously. Research over the way in which pressure variation can be reduced during automated operations of MPD is a concurrent one (Breyholtz Nygaard and Siahaan 2010). Now, the control system of MPD is utilized for maintaining the BHP within a window of drilling bordered through the pore pressure of reservoir and its pressure for fracture initiation. Presence of annular automation systems with pressure control make use of a hydraulics model with pseudo real time. This is undertaken in order to determine the back pressure appropriately and then opening or closing a choke for restriction of flow from wells along with ensuring that the backpressure is maintained.
According to Jon (2010), MPD is at the basic level a pressurized circulation and closed system that facilitates wellbore profile of pressure’s precise management. As suggested by Kohler (2009), within the open system, the piping of drilling fluids are open to the pressure of atmosphere, while the drilling fluids within the closed system flow under the pressure (Couturier et al. 2015). The primary benefit of MPD utilization as implied by Kevin (2006), is the controlling ability of pressure in a dynamic manner through the manipulation of back pressure instead of the wright of mud. This approach is defined to optimize the process of drilling through the MPT reduction, mitigating of hazards of drilling and enabling the drilling across areas of complex nature. According to Mariam (2004), adjustment within the choke allow change of rapid manner within the BHP.

美国留学毕业论文格式写作模板

在： ,

美国留学毕业论文格式写作模板

现如今去美国留学成了不少人的选择，除了要学好课程内容之外，还要进行论文的写作。在留学期间，论文写作十分频繁，既考验了学生们的写作能力，也能提升分析能力。留学美国一样也要写好毕业论文，而且要认真对待。美国毕业论文写作要用英语写作，所以在语法的使用上和汉语是存在本质上的区别的。这需要特别注意。了解格式要求，然后加以规范，写出来的毕业论文才是合格的。下面就是美国留学毕业论文格式写作模板，供同学们参考。

―、章节

所有毕业论文分为7个大部分其中Introduction,Literature Review,Methodology，Datafindings and analysis,concluslon and Recommendatlon是必要的。

二、字数

1、通常Introduction和Conclusion部分占总字数的25%

2、Literature Review占35%

3、Methodology占15%

4、Data findings and analysis占25%

三、内容

1、Introduction：主要包括prace,Research question and why,Research objectives,outlinethe structure Of this dissertation

2、Background：主要是写调查报告的一个背景分析，例如假如论题为中国奢侈品消费市场，以分析中国的经济，地域，人口，环境等周边的背景分析。

3、Literature Revlew：是指论题的相关资料文献描述，并加入自己观点和理解。这部分需要很大的阅读量和观点的支持。

4、Methodology：描述调查的一些研究问题，选择何种研究方式，并说明为何自己要用这种方式进行学术的研讨。

5、Data findings and analysis：这分两个部分。a.findings：就是如市场问卷对于得到的结果的结，描述和汇总。b.analysis：主要是对得到数据结果添加自己的理解和分析。

6、conclusion and Recommendation：结尾是对文童的总的汇总，通常比较注重建议和改进，比如说有哪些是不对的有哪里需要改进和更新的。

四、其他：

1、文童中不用I，you等第一和第二人称

2、不能抄袭，也不能不写引用，国外有非常先进的软件哪怕是书内的，网上的，还是之前写过的，都会输入到欧美高级教育中心的数据库中，一旦抄袭后果非常严重。

小编提醒：在写英国留学本科毕业论文实尽量少抄袭网络上的。国外非常讨厌网页上的引用，所以尽量少用。

文章内所有引用，在文内都需要用(姓名，出版年份)标注。这个非常重要，否则就是抄袭。

一般国外的老师喜欢图文并貌，童节多一点分的细一点所以适当的在以上格式中分类载者细化会让文章更好。

如果你觉得本文还不够详尽，可以再看看本站其它相关文章，或许对你有用。另外，如果需要美国毕业论文格式代写，就点击上方栏目列表，各种服务等着你，客服24小时在线，欢迎咨询!