代写essay：内战原因和后果

在： ,

代写essay：内战原因和后果

当承认奴隶制作为奴隶国之前，白人南方人威胁要脱离联邦，结果1820的密苏里妥协出现了。这一妥协是通过一条线通过路易斯安那购买领土而进行的，北方的奴隶制被禁止，因为纬度的变化是360 – 30，向南移动。

南部奴隶制支持者在扩张的西部宣布他们平等的权利，抗议保护关税。他们声称，他们牺牲了南方的出口经济，取代了北方的农业生产商（史米斯，1984）。这导致在断层危机1832-33，联邦立法的宪法无效需求上升了南加利福尼亚违反国家确定利益的花盆。在1861-1865年内战是由于军事和外交的原因，北境和韩国之间的。亚伯拉罕·林肯在1860总统选举夺去600000美国人的生命（贝克特，2004）。因此，西半球出现了严重的权力平衡威胁。1861抑制叛军在南呼吁75000部队的萨姆特堡的亚伯拉罕林肯倒台后（赫梅尔，2013）。

联邦政府在工业时代有着雄厚的人力和物质资源进行战争。另一方面，南方联盟有许多有利的因素来赢得战争。为了赢得这块辽阔的土地，必须被北境征服，甚至是破坏South人民意志的必要手段。为了赢得战争的北境不得不利用铁路将被用于提供大量的军事力量（福纳，1987）。

代写essay：内战原因和后果

When the application of admission as a slave state was preceded the white southerners threatened secession and as a result the Missouri Compromise of 1820 emerged.  The compromise was done with a line to be drawn through the Louisiana Purchase territory with which the slavery in the north was prohibited with the shift of latitude as 360 30’ and was moved towards south.

The southern slavery proponents for proclaiming their equal share rights in the expanding West protested against the protective tariffs. They claimed that they have sacrificed the Southern export economy of agriculture in place of the Northern manufacturers (Smith, 1984).  This resulted in the sectional crisis in 1832-33 in which the demand of the constitutional nullification of the federal legislation was rose by the planters of South California which violated the determined interests of the state. The Civil War during 1861-65 was due to the Military and diplomatic reasons between the North and South. The presidency election in 1860 for Abraham Lincoln claimed the lives of 600,000 Americans (Beckert, 2004). As a result of this a serious threatens emerged in the Western Hemisphere for the balance of power. In 1861 after the fall of the Fort Sumter Abraham Lincoln for suppressing the rebel in south called upon 75,000 troops (Hummel, 2013).

The federal government had a superior manpower and the material resources for conducting war in the industrial age. On the other hand the Confederacy has a number of favorable factors for winning the war. For winning the vast territory had to be conquered by North and was even necessary for breaking the will of people of South. The North for winning the war had to make use of the railroads which would have been used for supplying the large military forces (Foner, 1987).

 

 

美国代写essay：葛底斯堡战役

在： ,

美国代写essay：葛底斯堡战役

葛底斯堡战役是1863年6月1日举行的最致命的3天战斗之一。1863年，美国南北战争期间，葛底斯堡战役围绕着葛底斯堡战役。这场战斗中有大量的死伤士兵，联军的主要将军乔治·米德将军打败了罗伯特·李将军，他试图占领北方。然而，乔舒亚·张伯伦上校的领导风格在这一历史性和非凡的胜利中发挥了重要作用。

李将军和张伯伦将军的领导风格比较

分析

毫无疑问，两个人的领导风格都决定了这场战役的胜负。李开复选择的战斗时机并不恰当，因为他的老和受信任的高级官员没有和他在一起。他变得自私自利，忽视了组织的目标。他也没有在正确的时间做出正确的决定。张伯伦上校被彻底抛弃了，他还没有准备好从山上撤退，他的名字叫“小圆头”，而不是伤亡和弹药。

美国代写essay：葛底斯堡战役

The war of Gettysburg is one of the deadliest 3-days combat held on june1, 1863 fought around the area of Gettysburg among the forces of Union and Confederate during American Civil War. This battle involves large number of killed and injured soldiers, in which Major General George Meade of Union defeated General Robert Lee failing his attempt to capture the North. However the leadership style of Colonel Joshua Chamberlain played a significant role in this historical and remarkable victory.

Comparison of Leadership style of General Lee and Colonel Chamberlain

Analysis

Undoubtedly the leadership styles of both personalities had a deciding affect on the outcome of the battle. The timing of the battle chosen by Lee was not appropriate as his old and trusted senior officials were not with him. He became egoistic and overlooked organization’s goal. Also he didn’t take right decisions at the right time.  Colonel Chamberlain was quite abandoned and not ready to back off from the hill named `little round top’ instead of casualties and less arms and ammunition.

代写论文：美国宪法

在： ,

代写论文：美国宪法

1865 – 1866年，新的南方州立法机构通过了限制性的“黑人法典”，以控制奴隶和非裔美国人的劳动和行为。这些法规导致了北方的愤慨，并减少了对总统重建方式的支持，结果导致了共和党更为激进的胜利（Fritz，2007）。美国从英国独立出来的民主革命，是一个深刻的悖论。世界领先的拥有最高掌权的政治民主模式是美国革命的结果。

占总人口20％的非洲裔美国人与白人自由的不和谐共处。 1787年的宪法会议上，联邦联盟体现了在其管辖下的管制奴隶的国家权利得到美国宪法承认的矛盾（Morris，1996）。如果没有表示承认奴隶制的主权，那么提议的联盟从未被奴隶国家加入。因此，黑人的奴役和白人的自由形成了联邦创立的基础，并加入了宪法。

发展的社会和经济模式也随着分界线急剧分化，同时南方国家的政治权力下滑。 1820年南方众议院只得到了42％的选票，原因是1790年北方的权力不平衡。白人南方人第一次因为担心少数民族地位的增加，甚至因为北方的愤怒试图在1819年强制解密密苏里（霍尔，1996年）。

代写论文：美国宪法

In 1865-1866 the restrictive ‘black codes’ were passed by the new southern state legislatures for controlling the labor and behavior of slaves and African Americans. These codes led to the outrage in the North and diminished the support for the approach of the Presidential Reconstruction and this resulted with more radical wings of the Republican Party which was led in triumph (Fritz, 2007). A profound paradox was laid for the democratic revolution through which the United States got its independence from British. The world’s leading model for political democracy with the highest slaveholding powers were the results of the American Revolution.

African Americans that comprises of 20% of the total population were in bondage with the uneasy coexistence of freedom of whites.  In 1787 at Constitutional Convention the federal Union embodied the contradiction when the right of a state for regulation slaves under its jurisdiction was recognized under the Constitution of United States (Morris, 1996).  The proposed Union was never been joined by the slave states if the sovereign power over slavery was not expressed with acknowledgement. Therefore the slavery of blacks and the liberty of whites formed the basis of creation of federal Union and were joined constitutionally.

The social and economic patterns of development were also diverged along with the sectional lines sharply but at the same time the political power of the South’s national share slipped. The South in 1820 in the House of Representatives had only 42% votes due to the imbalanced power in the North in 1790.  The White southerners for the first time due to their worry about the increasing minority status and even due to enraged because of the Northern attempt for forcing emancipation over Missouri in 1819 (Hall, 1996).

 

 

美国代写论文：奴隶制的负面影响

在： ,

美国代写论文：奴隶制的负面影响

美国的奴隶制是大辩论的话题。奴隶制就像一个瘾或南方。虽然它为南北方带来了许多好处，但是这个诅咒迫使人们倒台。奴隶主主宰了白人和黑人的经济和社会事务。整个国家不得不面对内战这种最大的悲剧，这是奴隶制的负面影响（Foner，71）。奴隶制度破坏和剥削了许多人，但是奴隶制度却可以感受到这种奴隶制度的影响。

无论什么时候讨论奴隶制问题，都是由于奴隶制的可怕制度，人们不得不争夺种族主义，不平等和剥削。奴隶制一直是世界上最具破坏性的现象。奴隶制似乎非常不道德，同时引起痛苦和仇恨的感觉。非洲裔美国人民和争取自由的妇女的斗争充满了许多血液和心灵的折磨。还有人是奴隶或奴隶的后裔。

奴隶制可以说是第一种剥削人民，从中获得利益的形式，但是为了获得自由而流血的人们却在对抗不道德的斗争中找到了安慰。其中一些人试图证明政府不能提供公民权利。奴隶制将在19世纪的美利坚合众国被雕刻。这种条件变成了争取自由和自我实现的不懈斗争。

美国代写论文：奴隶制的负面影响

The slavery in America is the topic of big debate. Slavery was like an addiction or the South. Though it provided many benefits to both north and south, this curse forced people for its downfall. The slave owners dominated the economic as well as the social affairs of both white and black. The entire nation had to face the biggest tragedy like Civil War which was the negative effect of slavery (Foner, 71). The institution of slavery broke and exploited many people but its effect could be felt on a very large population of slaves.

Whenever there is discussion about slavery, it is about racism, inequality and exploitation that people had to ace because of the terrible institution of slavery. Slavery has always been the most devastating phenomenon of the world. Slavery seems very immoral and evokes feeling of pain and hatred on the same time. The struggle of African American people and also women for attaining freedom was filled with blood and heart breaks for many. Still there are people who were slaves or the descendents of slaves.

Slavery could be said to be the first form that was introduced to exploit people and getting profit out of it, but the people who shed their blood to gain freedom found comfort in their fighting against immorality. Some of them were trying to prove that government is unable to provide civil rights. Slavery will be carved in the history of nineteenth century in United States of America. Such conditions turned into the continuous fight for getting right to freedom and also self-realization.

论文代写：20世纪美国的同性恋

在： ,

论文代写：20世纪美国的同性恋

为同性恋而奋斗正在长久。同性恋已经从1973年“美国精神病学协会”的精神疾病诊断分类中删除了。在亨利·L·米尔顿的“脱离偏见：同性恋权利与解放的科学在美国的历史”一书中，他强调了那些美国的同性恋活动家利用科学研究改善同性恋权利斗争的进展（Minton，2002）。亨利对19世纪末以来的同性恋解放者研究进行了深入的分析，直到其在1970年的疾病模型中具有挑战性的角色。亨利检查了未发表的手稿和档案来源，揭示了研究者的真实生活故事。历史上的社会误解和虐待同性恋和医疗当局在这个（斯坦因，2004年）发挥特色的作用。例如马丁·杜布曼（Martin Duberman）的“治愈同性恋自传”，表明精神科医生生存着整个社会的偏见。

早些时候的婚姻被认为是经济制度，而不是情感的纽带。人们简单地把它看作是男女之间的一种关系，作为调动土地财富的手段，以保证男子被抽中生产的和平关系，并使妇女适应生育和育儿的作用。随着社会经济结构的变化进一步导致社会态度对性的改变（Duyvendak，2009）。家庭的崛起和与男女生产和生育有关的领域划分凸显了男女之间不平等的情况。

论文代写：20世纪美国的同性恋

Struggle for Homosexuality is undergoing since long. Homosexuality has been removed from the diagnostic classification of mental illness of ‘The American Psychiatric Association’ in 1973. In the book “Departing from Deviance: A History of Homosexual Rights & Emancipatory Science in America” by Henry L. Milton he has emphasized on those gay and lesbian activists of America those who used scientific research for improving the advancements in struggle for homosexual rights (Minton, 2002). Henry has made an in-depth analysis of the gay and lesbian emancipator research since late 19th century till its challenging role in the illness model of 1970. Henry had examined unpublished manuscripts and archival sources for revealing the accomplishments of the researchers with their real life stories. The society since historic times misunderstand and mistreat homosexuals and the medical authorities plays a featured role in this (Stein, 2004). For example Martin Duberman’s Cures a gay autobiography, it is shown that psychiatrists eco the prejudices of the society at large.

Earlier marriages were seen as economic institution instead of an emotional bond. It was simply seen as a relationship between men and women as a means of transferring the wealth in terms of land for securing peaceful relations where men were drawn for production and women were fitted into the role of reproduction and child rearing.  With the changes in the economic structure of the society which further led to the alterations in the attitudes of society towards sexuality (Duyvendak, 2009). The rise in the family and division of spheres related to production and reproduction between men and women highlighted the situation of inequality between the sexes.

美国论文代写：短期职业目标

在： ,

美国论文代写：短期职业目标

至于我的短期职业目标，我想在生物医学研究领域追求我的博士学位。我目前和过去的研究经验衡量了我对这个特定研究领域的兴趣，并让我了解了生物医学研究的意义。生物医学研究对临床医学，制药工业和公共卫生等其他领域有着巨大的影响。

为了进入一个非常出色的研究生院，我有以下的计划：第一，在正常的学年，我计划继续我现在的研究项目，同时灌输实际的工作环境。我希望毕业后尽快公布我的作品。其次，在暑假期间，我计划参加杜克大学研究生院等着名研究生院的暑期研究项目。我相信这些计划将使我能够探索新的研究领域，提高我的研究相关技能，并扩大我的社交网络。最后，我计划在毕业后的一年之间差一点，以便我总结我的本科​​研究经验，以便仔细考虑我的长期研究兴趣。此外，我还计划收购更多的实验室培训，这些培训涉及到我将进一步发展我的职业的领域。有了这个策略，我相信我会获得博士课程的能力。

至于我长期的职业生涯目标，我想在取得博士学位后，在生物医学领域练习我的专业知识。开展和完成研究是令人兴奋的，但应用研究人员在现实生活中找到的是对我更实际的方法。生物医学产业有能力将纸上的东西变成现实。因此，我想利用我的专业背景加入生物医药行业。理想情况下，我想以科学顾问的身份在这个领域开始我的职业生涯。我想要实施我的知识，提供切实可行的建议，并优化产品设计和生产计划。

美国论文代写：短期职业目标

As for my short-term career goal, I want to pursue my PhD in the biomedical research realm. My current and past research experiences have gauged my interest in this particular area of research, and have let me understand the significance of biomedical research. Biomedical research has tremendous influence on a wide range of other realms like clinical medicine, pharmaceutical industries and public health.

In order to get into a remarkable graduate school for the purpose of carrying out my degree, I have the following plans: Firstly, during the regular school year, I have planned to continue my current research projects while inculcating the practical working environment. I expect to get my work published as soon as I graduate. Secondly, during the summer time I have planned to take part in the summer research programs offered by renowned graduate-level institutes such as Duke Graduate School. I believe these programs will enable me to explore new research fields, boost my research-related skills, and to expand my social network. Lastly, I have planned to take a gap year after graduating, so that I will summarize my undergraduate research experiences in order to carefully consider my long-term research interest. Moreover, I have planned to acquire more laboratory trainings that relate to the field in which I will further my career. With this strategy, I believe I will gain the competency for the PhD programs.

As for my long-term career goal, I want to practice my expertise in the field of biomedical industry after obtaining my PhD degree. Conducting and accomplishing research is exciting, but applying what researchers have found in real life is the more practical approach to me. It is the biomedical industry that has the ability to turn something on the paper into the reality. Thus, I would like to join the biomedical industry utilizing my professional background. Ideally, I want to start my career in this realm as a scientific consultant. I want to implement my knowledge to provide practical suggestions and to optimize plans for the product design and production.

美国里弗赛德论文代写：西班牙美国战争

在： ,

美国里弗赛德论文代写：西班牙美国战争

西班牙美国战争是1898年发生的战争，这场战争是因为加勒比海和太平洋的西班牙殖民地被美国侵略而发生的。这场战争是为了回应美国的行动而进行的报复。美国的理由是停止古巴的行动。美国说，这主要是为了阻止世界各地共产主义理想的扩大。这场战争也证明了美军对古巴的优越性。这场战争发生在十个星期左右。最后签署了“巴黎条约”。杰出的作家如吉卜林说，美国必须像英国一样行事。他希望美国承认像美国这样的种族隔离，像英国一样行使“白人负担”的责任。这也成为西班牙帝国的重大挫折。由于这场战争，美国获得了许多殖民地。这场战争发生后，菲律宾想成为一个新的菲律宾国家。美国不接受菲律宾提出的条件。菲律宾境内的动乱正在发展。美国在国内进行了军事战争。特别是在这段时间里，吉卜林和其他许多人敦促美国像英国一样采取行动。吉卜林敦促美国承担文明殖民地的责任，就像一个男人照顾他的家人一样。

美国里弗赛德论文代写：西班牙美国战争

Spanish American War was the war that was fought in 1898. This war was fought because the Spanish Colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific were being invaded by the United States. This war was retaliation in response to the action of the Unites states. The reason given by US was to stop the actions of Cuba. USA said it was primarily to stop the expansion of communistic ideals around the world. This war also proved the superiority of the United States army over Cuba. This war happened around ten weeks. In the end, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Eminent writers like Kipling said that United States must act like the United Kingdom. He wanted US to acknowledge the racial segregation like US and act like the United Kingdom in tacking responsibility of the “white man’s burden”. This also resulted as a major setback to the Spanish empire. The United States gained many colonies as a result of this war. After this war was fought, Philippines wanted to be acknowledged as a new nation called the new Philippines. The United States did not accept the terms posed by Philippines. Unrest inside Philippines was developing. US engaged its military warfare inside the country. It was especially during this time that Kipling and many other people urged the US to act like the UK in response to these acts. Kipling urges the United States to take up their burden of civilizing the colonies like a man would take care of his family.

代写report：美索不达米亚早期社会

在： ,

代写report：美索不达米亚早期社会

欧贝德时期第一个基本的社会结构，包括当地的酋长、祭司、农民和牧民的动物。随着对农业的依赖，粮仓，粮仓的初始托管，随着大量的农业用地（三分之一）躺在寺庙，王权的升级时间的力量和声称此前被认为是寺庙财产。在乌鲁克时期，“该”是谁忽略了寺庙的运营官员，而“villeins”谁曾在他们的下属。楔形刻泥板、油缸密封件和伞边碗是一些基本的挖掘结果，揭示在美索不达米亚社会早期，所有这些可以追溯到乌鲁克时期（Postgate 53）。同时强调在欧贝德时期陶器，乌鲁克时期铜器的出现。

这一时期的一个有趣的社会学方面是妇女在社会中地位的逐渐下降。欧贝德时期和早期的乌鲁克文化时期聚落已经在老年村的妇女委员会代表。但对晚期乌鲁克时期，城邦的兴起，女性的角色开始局限于家务和抚养孩子。尽管有了这种发展，妇女仍然有权根据自己的意愿继承财产以及结婚和离婚。仪式与节日有重要的社会地位，以及与农业相关的周期，月相，分点，对在位君主等奴隶制度的成就不是最初跟随，但随着战争和征服，它应运而生（马休斯33）。

代写report：美索不达米亚早期社会

The Ubaid period witnessed the first rudimentary social structures, comprising of local chieftains, priests, farmers and animal-herders. With increasing dependence on agriculture, granaries were built and while the initial custodianship of the granaries, along with a large chunk of the agricultural land (up to one third) lay with the temple, the power of kingship escalated with time and claimed what was earlier considered as temple property. During the Uruk Period, ‘Ensi’ were officials who overlooked the operations of temples, while ‘Villeins’ were the subordinates who worked under them. The cuniform-engraved clay tablets, cylinder seals and bevel-rimmed bowls are some of the prime excavated findings that throw light on Early Mesopotamian Society, and all of these date back to the Uruk Period (Postgate 53). While Pottery was emphasized on during the Ubaid Period, the Uruk Period witnessed the advent of Copper Artefacts.

An interesting sociological aspect of this period is the gradual decline in the position of women in society. The Ubaid Period and Early Uruk Period Settlements are known to have has equal representation of women in the Village ‘Council of Elders’. But towards the late Uruk Period and the rise of City States, the role of women started getting confined to household chores and child-raising. Despite this development, women were still entitled to inherit property as well as get married and divorced based on their free will. Rituals and festivals had an important place in society, and were associated with agricultural cycles, lunar phases, equinoxes, accomplishments of the reigning monarch etc. The practice of Slavery was not initially followed, but with increasing wars and conquests, it came into being (Matthews 33).

 

美国代写report：女奴生活中的事件

在： ,

美国代写report：女奴生活中的事件

作者包括的事件

总的来说，严格按照时间顺序排列的男性叙述是关注叙事者的生活的，因为这个故事与他走向奴隶制的旅程有关。与此相反的是，雅各的故事创造了一个关于她自己生活事件的焦点。除此之外，雅各布并没有遵循严格的时间顺序格式，而是为了解决奴隶制和教会等某些政治或社会问题或“逃犯奴隶法”的效果而打断了自己的叙述。结果，叙述并不符合其他男性叙述的格式。

主要主题

所遵循的主题与奴隶制经济有关，如苦难，痛苦，争取自由，自我主张，自我定义，社区支持和家庭忠诚。写作被用来作为抵抗，自我表达和自由的来源。识字问题已经被当作比喻来用来表达自由，作为学习写作和阅读的奴隶，往往是最终逃跑的人。然而，由于其他主题也包括在内，如基督教与奴隶制之间的道德冲突，种族主义与色彩偏见，家庭忠诚与遗弃，这些写作并没有完全保留这些主题。

结论

尽管雅各利用了19世纪浪漫主义小说中的风格，可能是因为这是她唯一可用的模式，但内容倾向于创造一个焦点，而不是虚构的主角所经历的事件，而事件她经历了自己。

美国代写report：女奴生活中的事件

Events included by the Author

In general, a strict chronological format had been followed by the male narratives that focus on the life of narrators as the story has been related to his journey moving towards freedom from slavery. In contradiction to this, the narrative by Jacob created a focus on events of her own life. In addition to this, rather than following a strict chronological format, Jacob has interrupted her own narrative for addressing certain political or social issues like slavery and the church, or the effect of the Law on Fugitive Slave. In a consequent manner, the narratives had not been appropriate in accordance with the format of other male narrative.

Key Themes

The main themes followed are related to the economy of slavery such as, suffering, pain, struggle for freedom, self- assertion, self- definition, support of community, and loyalty of family. The writing has been used as a source of resistance, self- expression and freedom as well. The problem of literacy has been considered and used as metaphor in order to express freedom as slaves who learned to write and read, were often the ones who ended up running away. However, the writing does not stay intact to these themes as other themes have been included as well such as conflict of morality between Christianity and slavery, racism and color prejudice, loyalty of families and abandonment.

Conclusion

Even though Jacob utilized the style followed in romantic novels of 19th century in her writing, probably because this had been the only available model to her, the content tends to be creating a focus not on the events experienced by a fictional protagonist, but the events she experienced herself.

代写论文：土著部落舞蹈

在： ,

代写论文：土著部落舞蹈

为了通过他的视野，沃沃卡说，美国人必须过自己的生活，理直气壮地进行圆周运动的舞蹈也被称为鬼舞。他的追随者被迫随着宗教歌唱在圆周运动中跳舞。通过沃沃卡声明无聊著名基督教沉重的伤疤讽刺。同时，对沃沃卡观众，尤特的人口随着几个部落，无法识别的视觉。这背后的原因仅仅是基督教的根源不存在于土著人口中。这种舞蹈已经被那些被基督教信仰束缚的《议定书》所迷惑的土著人所接受。

沃沃卡的消息传播是对土著美国人的高度影响力和他们大多致力于随着沃沃卡运动。很快，每一个美国本土接近沃沃卡学习鬼舞与歌。沃沃卡设法找到他的听众是谁不顾一切的追随他的信仰和教义。观众的日益增长的凶猛和速度有助于消除地域界限和语言障碍。其他几个国家也向他学习舞蹈。跟着鬼魂跳舞的美洲原住民认为这是他们复兴“老办法”的唯一希望。在这个时期，政府要求所有美洲土著部落必须搬迁到保留地。鬼魂舞是道德观念、宗教信仰和仪式结合在一起的一种特殊仪式。

代写论文：土著部落舞蹈

In order to pass his vision, Wovoka stated that Native Americans must live their lives righteously performing the circular motion dance also called the Ghost Dance. His followers were forced to dance in circular motion along with religious singing. The pronouncements by Wovoka bored the heavy scar of famous Christianity ironically. Also, the audience of Wovoka, Paiute population along with several tribal nations, could not recognize the vision. The reason behind this was simply that the root of Christianity did not exist amongst Native population. This dance had been clearly accepted by those Native people who were puzzled by the protocol which was pew-bound by faiths of Christianity.

The message spread by Wovoka was highly influential on Native Americans and most of them dedicated themselves to the movement along with Wovoka. Soon, every Native American approached Wovoka for learning the Ghost Dance and related songs. Wovoka managed to find his audience who was desperate to follow his beliefs and teachings. The ferocity and speed with which the audience was increasing helped in demolishing barriers of geographical boundaries and language. Several other nations approached him as well for learning the dance. The Native Americans who followed Ghost Dance considered it to be their only hope for reviving “old ways”. This was in time period within which it had been demanded by government that all tribes of Native Americans must be moved to reservations. The ghost dance was a combination of moral ideas, religious beliefs, and rituals into a particular ceremony.