代写论文一般多少钱：集体主义和个人主义
代写论文一般多少钱：集体主义和个人主义
它指的是个人在多大程度上被训练来照顾自己或沉迷于集体团体的形式。全面地说，个人主义被定义为一个个人之间联系松散的社会:即他们不是群体或个人的一部分，也不需要照顾一个群体，除了他们自己或他们的直系亲属。另一方面，集体主义是指个体根据地理位置、案例或宗教信仰而强烈地融入群体的社会。集体主义和个人主义的评价指标是通过IDV(个人主义指数)来定义的。与以集体主义为基础的劳动者相比，以个人主义为基础的劳动者是自力更生的、自由的。个人主义促进了对自尊和自我利益的保护，同时也为组织创造了自信的劳动力。另一方面，基于集体主义的员工在组织中寻求支持和建议。
Hofstede的研究表明，男性和女性对待工作的方式因文化、国家甚至职业的不同而不同。“阳刚之气”指的是男性占据强势地位的社会。他们坚强、有力量、果断、死板，被认为是一家之主。在这种文化中，女人应该是温柔的，妥协的，关心和支持他们的男人在他们的决定，而女性气质是指文化中，而男性和女性的角色没有严格的界限。他们的角色可能相互重叠。妇女享有与男子同等的权力。他们的建议和决定同样重要。他们不应该照顾家庭，而是自己创业，自力更生。任何社会的男子气概都是由一个度量标准“MAS”(男子气概指数)来定义的。属于较低MAS社团的人往往更合作，对员工更友好，支持和尊重彼此的建议，并相信基于优点的晋升。
代写论文一般多少钱：集体主义和个人主义
It is referred to the extent to which individuals are trained to look after themselves or indulge themselves in collective groups form. To make it comprehensive, individualism is defined as a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: that is they are not a part of group or people or do not have to look after a mass group, apart from themselves or their immediate family. On the other hand, collectivism is referred to a society in which individuals are strongly integrated into groups based on their geographic location, case or religion. The metric for evaluation of collectivism and individualism is defined through IDV (Individualism Index). Workforce based on individualism approach is self- reliant and liberal as compared to collectivism based people. Individualism promotes protection of self- esteem and self- interest while making confident workforce for an organization. On the other hand, collectivism based workforce looks for support and suggestions in an organization.
Hofstede’s studies shows that approaches of men and women towards work vary with their culture, country and even occupation. Masculinity refers to a society where men hold an assertive position. They are tough, empowered, decisive, and rigid and considered as head of the family. In this culture women are supposed to be tender, compromising, caring and supporting their men on their decisions, while femininity refers the culture in while roles of men and women do not have rigid boundary. Their roles may overlap each other’s role. Women are equally empowered as men. Their suggestions and decisions are equally important. They are not supposed to take care of the family rather they make their own careers and are self- reliant. Masculinity of any society is defined by a metric ‘MAS’ (masculinity index). People belonging to lower MAS societies are often more cooperative, friendly with staff, support and respect each other’s suggestions, and believe in promotion based on merit.
