美国大学申请文书要求：消费周期
美国大学申请文书要求：消费周期
市场需求方的特征是消费者从公司购买产品。但是，应该考虑消费者在特定时期内愿意购买的特定产品的数量。消费者愿意购买的产品是愿意牺牲足够的钱来购买的。消费者不仅渴望购买商品，而且有意愿和能力为得到它而牺牲一些东西。需求的定义是特定时期的需求，例如，一年、一个月或一天。需求的决定因素包括:产品的价格、财富和收入、价格的互补和替代、人口、消费者的偏好以及未来的价格预期。除了价格之外，所有相关的东西都是决定产品需求的因素。在确定需求时，应考虑需求量与上述任何决定因素之间的关系。然而，在考虑需求曲线时，应该把重点放在价格和需求量之间的关系上，其中所有其他因素都被认为是一个常数。
美国大学申请文书要求：消费周期
Kirman(1989)认为，当产品价格上涨，其他因素保持不变时，需求量下降，需求曲线上呈现上升趋势。同样，当产品价格下降，其他因素保持不变时，需求量上升，需求量沿需求曲线向下移动。根据Humphrey(1992)的研究，当替代品的价格上涨或者被赞美者的价格下降时，产品的需求也会增加。随着收入的增加，需求曲线向右平移，消费者购买更多产品的倾向增大。对于正常商品，随着收入的增加，需求也随之增加。如果商品质量低劣，随着收入的增加，需求就会下降。在容易获得信贷或预期未来收入增加的情况下，现在可以增加需求。此外，人口越多，对所有产品的需求就越大。即使收入相同，如果需求模式不同，人们的偏好也会不同。
美国大学申请文书要求：消费周期
A market’s demand side is characterized by consumers buying products from the firms. However, it should be pondered that the quantity of a particular product that the consumers are willing to buy during a specific period. The product that is willed to be bought by the consumer comes with willingness in sacrificing enough money to buy it. The consumer is not just desiring to purchase the good, but has willed and capable of sacrificing something in getting it. The definition of demand is for a specific period, for instance, a year, a month, or a day. The determinant of the demand include: price of the product, wealth and income, compliments and substitutes of the prices, population, consumers’ preferences, and price expectations of the future. All relevant things are determinant of a product’s demand except price. In determining the demand, there should be consideration of a relationship between quantity demanded and any of the determinants described above. However, in considering the demand curve, the focus should be on the relationship between the price and the quantity demanded, where all other factors are considered as a constant.
美国大学申请文书要求：消费周期
Kirman (1989) suggests that when the price of a product increases, other factors remaining constant, the quantity demanded falls and an upward movement is registered along the demand curve. Similarly, when price of a product decreases, other factors remaining constant, the quantity demanded rise and a downward movement are registered along the demand curve. According to Humphrey (1992) the demand of a product also increases, when its substitute’s price of that product increases or its compliment’s price of that product decreases. With the increase of income, there is rightward shift of the demand curve as there is greater propensity of the consumers in buying more of the products. In case of normal goods, with the increase in income, the demand rises. In case of inferior goods, with the increase in income, there is fall in demand. There can be increase of demand now in case of easy availability of credit or increase in expected future income. Further, there is always higher demand of all products when the population is larger. Even with the same income, the preferences of people can differ if there is variability in the demand pattern.
