美国代写：热带气候对土壤影响

美国代写：热带气候对土壤影响。温带的天气受热带极地气团的控制，因此这里的降水以气旋风暴的形式出现。温暖和寒冷的地区存在季节性降雨。与温带地区相比，热带地区由于作物生长季节短的特性必然会带来更好的产量。此外，在温度区叶片的膨胀和相发育也较慢。虽然气候是一个有利因素，但土壤因素威胁着热带地区的生产力。接下来美国代写专家将对热带气候对土壤影响进行以下分析。

经鉴定，热带地区的土壤通常养分流失。该地区的高温、频繁发生的强降雨和侵蚀也影响了土壤的质量。高温导致土壤中盐的更多积累(Barrow 1987)。由于这些问题，即使气候条件有利于生产，温带土壤更适合高产。正如盖洛普(Gallup)和萨克斯(Sachs)(2000)所说，“热带和温带地区农业生产力的差异甚至比收入水平的差异更大”(第731页)。更高的营养价值也增加了土壤的质量。一些热带地区确实有火山和冲积土支持更好的生产，但该地区的特殊性阻碍了大规模生产计划。土壤问题也因为这些地区的害虫和杂草泛滥而产生。热带地区通常同时是温暖和潮湿的，并以季节性降雨为特征。因此，害虫和杂草的存在阻碍了生长。热带地区每天的阳光也根据一年中的不同时间而变化。农业生产需要一定量的太阳辐射。这对植物生长至关重要。云量的限制威胁着热带地区的生产。

除了现有的挑战之外，未来热带地区还将面临更多的挑战。Rosenzweig和Liverman(1992)提出了热带地区可能进一步挑战其经济的以下预期变化和威胁。

温度的变化使植物成熟得更快。这缩短了它们的生长阶段，未来热带地区的产量可能会下降。豆荚、种子和谷物需要更多的时间通过光合作用吸收能量，然而高温可能会破坏这一过程。平均温度和极端温度都可能是剧烈的。

全球平均降水量预计将在各地出现，但在热带地区，这种分布并不均匀。对流降雨也会增加并保留空气中的大量水分。高湿度会导致一些作物的病害，并可能导致作物的水分压力。

以增加二氧化碳为形式的生理效应将对植物产生施肥效应。二氧化碳的增加导致光合作用水平的提高。首先，当二氧化碳浓度达到百万分之440ppm时，作物会受益，但随着时间的推移，二氧化碳浓度会导致施肥效应超过百万分之2000，这可能对植物有害。

气候变化已经对土壤产生了影响，因为它导致土壤有机质加速腐烂。

It is identified that soil in the tropical regions are usually leached of nutrients. High temperature in the region, and intense rainfall and erosions that happen on a frequent basis also hampers the quality of the soil. High temperatures lead to the more accumulation of salt in the soil (Barrow 1987). Because of these issues, even if climatic conditions are favorable for production, temperate soils are better suited for high productions. As Gallup and Sachs (2000) argue, “The disparity in agricultural productivity between the tropics and the temperate zones is even greater than the disparity in income level” (p. 731). Higher nutrient values also add to the quality of the soil. Some tropical regions do have volcanic and alluvial soil supporting better production, but the specificity of the region deters large scale production initiatives. Soil issues also arise because of how these regions are infested with pests and weeds. The tropical region is typically warm and moist at the same time and is characterized by seasonal rainfalls. The presence of pests and weeds hence deters growth. Tropics also have variable sunshine per day based on the time of the year. Agricultural production required a certain amount of solar radiation. This is critical for plant growth. Limitations in the form of cloudiness threaten production in the tropics.

In addition to the existing challenges, more challenges will be introduced in the tropic regions in future. Rosenzweig and Liverman (1992) present the below expected changes and threats for the tropical regions that could further challenge their economy.

The changing nature of temperature makes plants mature faster. This shortens their growing stage and in future the yield in the tropics could go down. Pods, seeds and grains need more time to absorb energy through photosynthesis, however higher temperatures could disrupt this. Both the mean and extreme temperatures could be drastic.

Mean global precipitation is expected everywhere, but in the tropics this distribution will not be uniform. Convectional rainfall will also increase and retain much moisture in the air. High humidity can lead to disease infestation for some crops and could contribute to moisture stress for crops.

Physiological effects in the form of increasing CO2 will create a fertilizing effect on the plant. Increased Co2 leads to increased levels of photosynthesis. First, a beneficial boost will be seen at 440ppm for crops, but over time, the Co2 concentration can trigger fertilization effects to go beyond 2000 ppm and this could be harmful for the plants.

Climate change is already having an effect of soils, as it leads to accelerate decay of the soil organic matter.

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