代写英文论文

美国论文代写:范围经济

美国论文代写:范围经济

范围经济可以定义为企业在提供多种产品而不是专门从事制造、生产或交付单一产品或服务时所面临的成本优势。如果一家公司能生产出比单独的公司更便宜的产品线的最佳产出水平,那么每一家公司都能在最佳产出水平上生产出唯一的产品。范围经济来源于投入的分配或联合部署,并导致单位成本的减少。范围经济通常与单位成本在产出上升时向下移动的事实相联系。(1996;普赖拉粉红2006)。

在制药行业,规模经济是非常重要的,因为它降低了研究和开发成本的主要程度,因为研发是制药工业必须面对的主要成本。如果是感冒药行业,公司在引进感冒药时,就可以采用范围经济来治疗感冒药。例如疾病如感冒和发烧,也用于感冒和流感的药物如对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸去氧肾上腺素、Dextromethorphan hydrobromide制造类似的化学品,如感冒药等行业采用范围经济,这将节省研发的成本因此面临生产更多量的剂量为疾病类似的边际成本显著降低。

规模经济可以定义为在总产出增加时降低平均生产成本的因素。这些公司期待着生产更多的商品和服务,从而相对降低单位或可变成本,这有助于公司降低生产成本,并享有与竞争对手相比的竞争优势。

美国论文代写:范围经济

Economies of scope can be defined as the cost advantages that are faced by the firms when they prefer to provide a variety of products instead of specializing in the manufacturing, production or delivering of a sole product or service. If a firm can produce an optimum level of output of each its product line cheaper than a blend of separate firms, each producing a sole product at an optimum output level. Economies of scope arise from the allocation or joint deployment of inputs and lead to lessening in per unit costs. Economy of scope is usually linked to the fact in which per unit cost moves downwards when the output rises. (Given 1996; Preyra & Pink 2006).

In case of pharmaceutical industries, the economies of scale are very important as it reduces a major degree of research and development cost, as R&D is the major cost that pharmaceutical industry has to face. In case of cold medication industry the company has benefit to adopt the economies of scope in introducing the medicine for flu, when they are already dealing in the market for medication for cold. For example for illness like cold and fever, there are similar chemicals used in manufacturing of  medicines for cold and flu such as Acetaminophen, Phenylephrine hydrochloride, Dextromethorphan hydrobromide, etc. If the industries of cold medication adopt the economies of scope, it will save the cost of R&D hence facing a prominent decrease in marginal cost of producing extra amount of doses for similar kind of diseases.

Economies of scale can be defined as the factor that can reduce average cost of production when the overall output increases. The companies look forward for producing a larger amount of goods and service, which relatively reduce the per unit or variable cost, which helps the company to reduce its cost of production and enjoys the competitive advantage over the rivals.