美国论文代写：客观主义
美国论文代写：客观主义
元伦理学的第一种方法是客观主义。客观主义是对专制主义的许多假设的接受。客观主义者会说，所有的道德价值和陈述都是普遍正确的，但它们也需要解释。对于一个专制主义者来说，所有的道德准则都是可以理解的，但是客观主义认为，所有的道德价值观都是真实的，但是需要被客观地接受，并且不随阶级、性别、宗教甚至文化而改变。客观主义的问题在于它强调的是人的理性，因为他们有例外的精神无能的人。元伦理学的第二种主要方法是相对主义。相对主义认为，道德价值和伦理并不是存在于世界上的，也不是每个人都是一样的，而是人类根据自己的观点和需要创造出来的。相对主义的积极方面是它允许通过不同文化的道德价值观来理解不同的文化，但消极方面是它也质疑伦理。如果道德在不同的文化中是不同的，那么普遍道德行为的准则将如何形成?因为需求和视角会随着文化的不同而变化，也会随着人的不同而变化，所以相对主义者会用自己的价值观来评价不同的文化。
美国论文代写：客观主义
正如文章《血、恐惧和仪式:肯尼亚女性割礼的见证》所述，女性割礼是对人权的侵犯，但根据那里的人民。这种做法对他们来说是一种光荣的传统。相对主义否认道德价值是绝对的或普遍的，但这些道德价值在客观上是真实的。价值观的客观性是不可否认的。必须避免种族中心主义与阶级主义、种族主义、帝国主义、性别歧视、年龄歧视、同性恋恐惧症等，因为它表明道德的衰落。主观相对主义认为，如果一个行为被接受它的人认可，那么这个行为就是正确的。一个人对错误行为的认可，如果他自己也认可，就会变成正确的。因此，在巴基斯坦孕妇的情况下，对参与这种行为的人来说，这是一项正确的行动。这与客观主义理论形成了鲜明对比，客观主义理论认为，有些原则对每个人来说都是共通的。主观相对主义意味着“每个人在道德上都是绝对正确的，个人永远不会有真正的道德分歧”(Lewis, 24)。
美国论文代写：客观主义
The first approach of meta-ethics is objectivism. Objectivism is the acceptance of many assumptions of absolutism. An objectivist will say that all the morals values and statements are universally true but they also needed to be interpreted. For an absolutist, all the moral rules would be understood as they are, but objectivism says that all the moral values are true but needed to be accepted as objectively and does not change with class, gender, religion or even culture. The problem with objectivism is that it stresses on the rationality of the person, as they have exception for a mentally incapable person. The second major approach of meta-ethics is called as relativism. According to the view of relativism, the moral values and ethics are not present in the world and are not the same for every person, but they are created by humans according to their perspectives and needs. The positive aspect of relativism is that it allows understanding different cultures through their moral values, but the negative point is that it also questions the ethics. If morals are different in different cultures, how will the code for universal ethical behavior be formed. Since the needs and perspectives change from culture to culture and person to person, thus a relativist evaluates different cultures with their own values.
美国论文代写：客观主义
As stated in the article “Blood, Fear and Ritual: Witness to Female Circumcision in Kenya”, the women circumcision is the violation of human rights but according to the people there. This practice is an honorable tradition for them. The relativism denies that the moral values are absolute or universal but these moral values are objectively true. The objectivity in the values cannot be denied. Ethnocentrism must be avoided with classism, racism, imperialism, sexism, ageism, homophobia, etc., as it shows the decline of morals. The subjective relativism says that an action is correct if it is approved by people who accept it. The approval of a wrong action by one person becomes correct if he himself approves it. Thus in the case of pregnant woman in Pakistan it becomes a right action for the people involved in such acts. This is in contrast with the theory of objectivism, which says some principles are common for everyone. Subjective relativism implies that “each person is morally infallible and that individuals can never have a genuine moral disagreement” (Lewis, 24).
