美国论文代写：社会历史构建的来源

美国论文代写：社会历史构建的来源。一个社会的历史可以从第一手资料和二手资料两方面来建构。然而，为了本文的目的，只讨论了一手资料。一手资料来源可以定义为对某一事件或某一时期、一种想法或一项发明以及著名人物最接近的目击者。换句话说，主要来源总是来自过去，可以包括文件、手稿或书籍、图像、音频/视觉记录(如声音、电影和电视)，以及一个物体或人工制品。为了避免偏见，历史学家更喜欢使用第一手资料，而不是依赖现代的解释。接下来美国论文代写专家将为同学们讲解下社会历史构建的来源。

除了文字来源，还有其他几种类型的一手来源，简要解释如下:

从编年史、散文、报纸、回忆录、出版的论文和宣言等来源对事件、思想和人物的描述。

通过传记、报纸、人口普查数据和民间传说收集社会成员的信息。

图书馆和档案作为历史信息和帐目的仓库。

地理信息来源包括地图、目录、统计、绘画和照片以及历史机构(如博物馆)。

一般来说，第一手资料被认为是权威的，因为它们是在现场创建的。然而，它们必须经过严格审查，以评估信息的可信度和完整性。虽然第一手资料非常有效地发现第一手资料，但它们也受到以下所列的模棱两可和偏见的阻碍:

文化和文学资源(文件和对象):这些来源不仅是非常有用的理解和事件等人的特点,,,,等等,但也提供详细信息的日常生活和生活以及教育水平,社会经济和意识形态倾向的作家。然而，它们的缺点在于客观性、可验证性，有时可能无法破译手写手稿和辨别作者或所有者的身份。

图片:图片、绘画和照片一直是一个受欢迎的来源,了解一个社会的结构和组成记录事件,地方和人民在实时,生动地描绘日常生活的一个社会,工具,如果缺乏书面记录和创建者的态度也可能提供线索。同时，由于偏见和不完整的细节，照片可能会含糊不清，因为照片可能并不总是完全描述事件的背景，其他特征，如时间和日期、人物、思想和想法等都不是很明显或确定的。

口述历史:这些口述历史与一个人的记忆和对事件的描述等有关，因此有助于补充存档记录中的现有信息，因为它们更自发和坦率，创造情感语境，并为迄今为止未被发现的辩证法和言语变异提供线索。然而，由于它依赖于记忆，信息可能并不总是可信的，而且严重地受到意识形态偏见的影响。因此，它的准确性值得怀疑，因为回忆会随着时间的推移而改变。

Besides literal sources, there are several other types of primary sources, which are briefly explained as follows:

Description of events, ideas and people from sources such as chronicles, essays, newspapers, memoirs and published treatises and manifestos.

Garner information about a society’s members by sourcing from biographies, newspapers, census data and folklore.

Libraries and archives as repositories of historical information and accounts.

Geographical information from sources such as maps, directories, statistics, painting and photographs and historical institutions (e.g. museums).

In general, primary sources are regarded as authoritative since they were created in situ. However, they must be critically examined to assess credibility and integrity of the information. While primary sources are extremely effective to discover first-hand information, they are also handicapped by ambiguities and biases as enumerated below:

Cultural and Literary Sources (Documents and objects): These sources are not only very useful to understand the characteristics of people and events such as who, what, when, where, etc., but also provide detailed information about daily life and living as well as the level of education, socio-economic and ideological bent of the author. However, their drawbacks lie in objectivity, verifiability and sometimes, it may not be possible to decipher hand-written manuscripts and discern the identity of the author or owner.

Images: Pictures, paintings and photos have long been a popular source to understand the fabric and composition of a society as they record events, places and people in real-time, depict vividly about daily life of a society, instrumental, if there is a lack of written records and could also provide clues to the creator’s attitude. At the same time, they can be ambiguous due to bias, incomplete detailing since a photo may not always entirely depict the context of an event and other characteristics such as time and date, people, thoughts and ideas, etc. are not very evident or definitive.

Oral History: These spoken accounts are related to a person’s remembrances and accounts of events, etc. and as such, are useful to supplement existing information in archived records because they are more spontaneous and frank, create emotional context and provide clues to hitherto, undiscovered dialectic and speech variations. However, as it relies on memory, the information may not always be credible and is significantly subjected to ideological bias. Therefore, its accuracy is questionable as recollection changes over a period of time.

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