标签存档: 论文代写

代写论文:北京的空气污染可以治愈吗?

代写论文:北京的空气污染可以治愈吗?

汽车尾气排放

另一个北京的空气污染是汽车尾气排放来源。大约有500万辆汽车在北京注册本身和汽车的数量会增加人口和不断增长的标准的人。到东京相比,虽然汽车的数量少,但使用汽车的频率非常高。中国有非常宽松的法律和法规对消除高污染车辆(新华社,2012)。

代写论文:北京的空气污染可以治愈吗?

区域污染

街道et al。(2007)发表在他的研究,不仅当地的排放和废水,但北京的空气污染也提出了附近的城市和北京半盆地地球物理和其独特的天气模式也支持这个问题(Ren et al .,2003)和一些必须采取措施遏制这些城市污染物的废水。CMAQ模型应用的一个et al。(2007),他透露,硫的存在,北京空气中有害重金属从张家口贡献了39%到39%(西北),15%来自保定(西南)。同样,街道et al。(2007)在他的报告中披露,山东和天津污染的影响和贡献了很多北京5浓度大量水泥、钢铁、石油和石化行业运行在天津市和河北省,和大约3.5亿吨煤燃烧这些行业和贡献约24.5%的PM2.5的城市。(新华社,2012)
所示。快速城市化人口率上升需要更多的设施和建筑的建筑,住宅和工业需要能量和供暖系统。这个原因也增加了污染程度。

代写论文:北京的空气污染可以治愈吗?

Vehicle Emissions

One of the other sources Beijing’s air pollution is the vehicle emissions. There are approximately 5 million vehicles registered in Beijing itself and the number of vehicles will go up with increased population and rising standard of the people. Although, compared to Tokyo, the number of cars is less, but the frequency of using cars is very high. China has very lenient laws and regulations for eradicating high-polluting vehicles (Xinhua, 2012).

代写论文:北京的空气污染可以治愈吗?

Regional Pollution

Streets et al. (2007) published in his study that not only local emissions and effluents, but Beijing’s air pollution are also raised by the nearby cities and semi basin geophysical of Beijing and its unique weather pattern also supports this problem (Ren et al., 2003) and some measures must be taken to curb the effluents of pollutants in these cities. A CMAQ model was applied by the, An et al. (2007) and he revealed that the existence of sulfur and harmful heavy metals in the Beijing air are contributed by 39% to 53% from Zhangjiakou (northwest), 15% from Baoding (southwest). In the same way, Streets et al. (2007) disclosed in his report that Shandong Province and Tianjin pollution influenced and contributed a lot to Beijing PM2.5 concentration A huge number of cement, steel, oil and petrification industries are running in Tianjin municipality and Hebei province, and approximately 350 million tons of coal are burned by these industries and contribute to about 24.5 percent to PM2.5 in the city. (Xinhua, 2012)

Rapid Urbanization

Rise in the population rate require more accommodations and Construction of building, homes and industries require energy and heating system. This reason also increases the pollution level there.

代写论文:音乐多媒体的分析实例

代写论文:音乐多媒体的分析实例

这啮合冲击的形式双八度的声音更大范围危机的先行向创造力量的印象和激进的情况但即使在这个八度的声音由的空虚,它还有助于传达有相当大的空间印象出现在现场[1]。音乐的名称序列,春天的仪式基本上是一个芭蕾舞和管弦乐队。这个音乐的想法不过是极大地批评的概念说明它仍然缺乏足够的音调和需要精心虚构元素成像在幻想曲。音乐作品的顺序说明了有节奏的引擎重击,旋转,螺旋金属材质。最初描述的主要元素,是超越了尼古拉斯·库克是通过独奏巴松管演奏的旋律开始注册呈现无法辨认的仪器高和音乐的进行木材管乐器声音进入听力。所有这些听起来一起合作建立一个突然停止。根据烹饪,音乐作品爆发狂喜的春天开花重申在巴松管开独奏形式,但这一次音乐的音调低半音程。

代写论文:音乐多媒体的分析实例
此外,它是由厨师,联觉包含更多信息在多媒体,所以不存在什么他指出,个人甚至没有获得了联觉经验但他们经历了只有quasi-synesthesia如视觉亮度相似经验主要向更高的音调。这让库克进一步说明准联觉导致对形成一个基本的多媒体支持机制。

 

代写论文:音乐多媒体的分析实例

This engages shock in the form of double octave sounds leading towards creation of wider power impression and aggressive situations but even after the emptiness that this octave sound consists of, it still helps in conveying that there is considerable space impression present in the scene[1]. The name of the music sequence, The rite of Spring is basically an introduction of ballet and orchestra. The conception of this musical idea however was greatly criticized illustrating that it lacked adequate tones and still needs to elaborate the fictitious elements imaged in Fantasia. The musical piece sequence illustrates the rhythmic engines pounding, whirling and spiraling through metallic textures. Initially the main element that is transcended as depicted by Nicholas Cook is the starting melody which is played through solo bassoon in higher registrations rendering the unidentifiable instrumentation and with the proceeding of the music wood wind instrument sounds come into hearing. All these sounds collaborate together to build a sudden stop. According to Cook, the musical piece bursts ecstatic spring bloom reiterating the open solo in bassoon form but this time the tone of the music is semitone lower.

代写论文:音乐多媒体的分析实例
Additionally, it was suggested by cook that synesthesia consists more information on what is not present in multimedia and so he pointed out that individuals have not even gained synesthesia experience but they have experienced only quasi-synesthesia such as the visual brightness in similarity experience leading towards higher pitches. This made Cook to further illustrate that quasi synesthesia leads towards forming an essential multimedia enabling mechanism.

 

论文代写:女职业发展项目的效果

论文代写:女职业发展项目的效果

玻璃天花板和玻璃的概念边界正在练习更有条理的方式似乎没有对受害者的影响。例如,一个女经理与一个组织了超过35年也盯上晋升自去年5年,她认为一个机会赚更多的钱帮助她退休。同时,组织决定聘请一位年轻的经理此前担任著名公司在一个更繁荣的国家,仅仅因为他是一个男性将更好地了解当前的文化,因此,它将提供更多的销售到酒店。在一个有组织的方式,阻碍和年老的员工提供一个小增量提供正义没有得到推广。这是一个有组织的方式阻碍了女性员工达到最高管理层和不知何故没有分配的业务领导。
论文代写:女职业发展项目的效果

玻璃天花板和玻璃边界往往会使失去动力人进一步进展。尽管尝试一遍又一遍,但始终会见时预订的公司限制他们在前进,这将创建一个场景,他们不再努力进步,有时放弃沮丧。这是一个悲伤的情况下对任何员工有能力,谁真的想进一步增长的组织。这些事件大多是可见的在公司公司有多个竞争者的位置,最终做的人有影响力的管理最终获得这个职位。

论文代写:女职业发展项目的效果

玻璃天花板是无形的障碍,占据一个员工的成功之路。它通常存在某种形式的歧视。

 

论文代写:女职业发展项目的效果

Concepts of glass ceilings and glass borders are being practiced in a more organized way which seems to be having no effects on the victim. For example, a female manager who has been associated with an organization for more than 35 years is eying a promotion since last 5 years, which she sees as an opportunity to make more money helping her in retirement. At the same time, the organization decides to hire a young manager who comes after serving a renowned firm in a more prosperous country, just because he being a male is expected to understand the present culture in a better way, so that it will provide more sales to the hotel. In an organized way, the aged employee is being held back and being offered a small increment to provide justice to her not being promoted. This is an organized way of holding up the women employee to reach the top management and somehow not allot a position of business leadership.
论文代写:女职业发展项目的效果
Glass ceilings and glass borders tend to demotivate people to progress further. In spite of trying over and over again, when they consistently meet with reservations from the company which restricts them in moving ahead, it creates a scenario where they no longer attempt for progressing and sometimes give in dejected. This is a sad situation for any employee who is capable and who really wants to grow further with the organization. Such incidents are mostly visible in corporate companies where there is more than one contender for a position and eventually the one who is influential to the management ends up getting the position.
论文代写:女职业发展项目的效果
Glass ceilings are invisible hurdles that occupy the path of an employee’s success. It generally is present in the form of discrimination of some sort or the other.

 

代写论文:欧元债务危机

代写论文:欧元债务危机

第一个实例可以看到欧元债务危机在2009年10月期间,有希腊新政府说,国家的财政赤字将比先前估计,几乎就等于希腊的GDP总量的12%。因此,希腊成为第一个国家债务危机的迹象。这是在一个巨大的支出由政府控制的方式几乎不为国家金融改革(布朗,2012)。

代写论文:欧元债务危机

后来西班牙也开始感觉疼痛随着国家的失业率上升到26%。然后是葡萄牙的经济问题。如果这些国家开始违约,那么其他国家可以遵循诉讼并将离开欧元区。这将导致削弱欧洲的金融影响力。

代写论文:欧元债务危机

控制支出并不是唯一的原因,为什么这些国家面临债务危机。这些国家已经利用低利率的近十年,然后2008年危机出现了。有一个金融部门的信贷泡沫形成的房屋。有一个巨大的十字架贷款在列国中。危机后的利率飙升,这导致了金融部门无法支付债务。一些欧洲国家没有一个挥霍的经常账户赤字是不可持续的。所有这些国家已大举借贷,他们曾试图隐藏他们的赤字。他们低估了赤字成为暴露在2009年开始欧元债务危机。政府和私营企业已经采取了巨额贷款,他们无法支付。他们没有钱来支付利息。

代写论文:欧元债务危机

The first instance of the Euro debt crisis can be seen during month of October in year 2009, there was new government of Greece which said that the fiscal deficit for the nation would be higher than the previous estimate and it would equal to almost 12% of the total GDP of Greece. Thus Greece became the first nation to show the signs of the debt crisis. This was after huge spending by the government in an uncontrolled manner with almost non financial reforms for the nation (Brown, 2012). 

代写论文:欧元债务危机

Later Spain also started feeling the pain with the unemployment of the country rising to 26%. Then came Portugal with its economic problems. If these nations started defaulting then other nations can follow the suit and would leave the Euro zone. This would lead to weakening of the financial clout of Europe.

代写论文:欧元债务危机

Uncontrolled spending wasn’t the only reason on why these nations were facing the debt crisis. These nations had taken advantage of the low interest rates for almost a decade and then 2008 crisis emerged. There was a credit bubble being formed in the financial sectors as well the houses. There was a huge cross lending among the nations. Post the crisis the interest rates surges and this led to the financial sector being unable to pay the debt. Some European nations who had not been on a spending spree ran a deficit in the current account which was unsustainable. All these nations had borrowed heavily and they had tried to hide their deficits.  They had underreported their deficits which became exposed during the year 2009 and this started the Euro debt crisis. Governments and the private firms had taken huge loans which they were unable to pay. They did nothave the money to pay interest.

 

 

代写论文:经济

代写论文:经济

因为人们只可以买到免税产品乳清他们旅行,因此,旅游业与免税行业有着强烈的联系。近年来,中国出境旅游的人数逐年提高,出境旅游乘客首先在5000万年超过了5000万,然后一直保持年均增长20%左右,2012年的中国出境旅游人数达到了8300万名乘客。中国宏观经济的持续和稳定的增长,日益富裕的中国消费者都倾向于选择出境旅游,旅游热爆裂。同时,旅游也导致境外消费提高了,从540亿年的2010美元上升到1020亿年的2012美元几乎翻了一番。

代写论文:经济

事实上,中国消费者已成为全球最大的旅游零售消费者团体,中国消费者团体支持将近一半的欧洲当地的奢侈品市场。据英国《金融时报》中国游客在英国每年花费£3亿(约27.8亿元)。在伦敦希思罗机场,中国游客占1%的游客,但他们创造25%的税收,根据英国中国签证Alli,由于中国游客的签证障碍,英国每年损失12亿英镑(约111亿元)的旅游零售收入。

代写论文:经济

Because people only can buy duty free products whey they travel, therefore, travel industry has an intense connection with duty free industry. In recent years, the number of Chinese outbound travel have raised year by year, outbound travel passengers firstly exceeded 50 million in 2010, and then it has maintained about 20% annual growth rate, in 2012 the number of Chinese outbound travel have reached 83 million passengers. With the continued and steady growth in Chinese macroeconomic, increasingly wealthy Chinese consumers are inclined to choose outbound tourism, tourism hot blowout. At the same time, the tourism also lead the consumption abroad raised, from $ 54 billion in 2010 climbed nearly doubled to $ 102 billion in 2012.

代写论文:经济

In fact, Chinese consumers have become the world’s largest travel retail consumer groups, Chinese consumer group support nearly half of the European local luxury market. According to the British <Financial Times> Chinese tourists spend £ 300 million a year in the UK (about 2.78 billion yuan). At London Heathrow Airport, Chinese tourists accounted for 1% of all tourists, but they create 25% of tax revenue; According to UK China Visa Alli, due to Chinese tourists’ visa obstacles, UK annual loss of 1.2 billion pounds (about 11.1 billion yuan) of travel retail revenues.

论文代写:道路和交通管理局新南威尔士

论文代写:道路和交通管理局新南威尔士

文摘

在这个模型中,管理承包商不是雇来做任何任务,但被雇佣来管理流程的运作效率。这些作品是由承包商工作sub-coordination直接受雇于合同经理。工作或交易的条款和条件是通过客户端之前的包和sub-coordination工作。管理承包商负责项目的管理和操作。

设计和构造:设计和构造是一个项目交付系统用于民用建筑项目工作。在这个模型中设计和施工工作只由一个实体。只有在这个模型中单点责任。这个模型有助于降低成本和减少风险的项目所有者(Rozhanskaya,玛利亚姆;Levinova i s . 1996)。因此这个阶段重叠设计阶段设计和施工的交货时间表是减少。单点责任,设计和构造方法是好的,有最清晰的合同的补救措施。这是由于承包商将负责所有项目相关的活动和工作。在传统的方法中,有指定的设计师设计活动和施工承包商对所有施工活动使得计划推迟交付(戴维斯,尼古拉·埃尔基Jokiniemi,2008)。

这三种方法的采购通常适用于此类项目。在这个前期建设报告行人陆桥的道路和交通管理局新南威尔士、英国,建议设计和构造的方法是完美的。这是因为作为一个行人陆桥没有用户将支付桥的用法。因此,所有的投资只做形式的政府。

论文代写:道路和交通管理局新南威尔士
Abstract
In this model, the management contractor is not hired to do any task but is hired for managing the process efficiently and effectively. These works are sub-coordination by the work contractors who are directly employed by the contract manager. The terms and conditions of works or trades are approved by the client before the packages and sub-coordination at the work. The management contractor is responsible for administration and operation of the project.
Design and Construct: Design and Construct is a project delivery system used in the civil construction project work. In this model both design and construction work is done by one entity only. There is only single point of responsibility in this model. This model helps in reducing the costs and minimizing the risk for the project owner (Rozhanskaya, Mariam; and Levinova, I. S. 1996). This phase overlaps the design phase therefore the schedule of delivery for both design and construction is reduced. With its single point responsibility, the design and construct method is good and carries the clearest contractual remedies. This is because the contractor will be responsible for all the project related activities and works. In traditional approach, there is appointed designer for all design activities and construction contractor for all construction activities which makes delay in the scheduled delivery (Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi, 2008).
These three methods of procurement are generally applicable for such projects. In this pre-construction report of pedestrian foot bridge by roads and traffic authority of NSW, United Kingdom, it is recommended that ‘Design and Construct’ method is perfect. This is because being a pedestrian foot bridge no users will pay for the usages of the bridge. Therefore, all the investments will be done form the government only.

代写论文:音乐多媒体的分析实例

代写论文:音乐多媒体的分析实例

比较多媒体的实例

多媒体选择为了比较的实例是幻想曲“春天的仪式序列”和“物质女孩”的麦当娜的视频代表的多媒体掠夺大自然的音乐在哪里陪组件视觉,因此主导多模式的纹理。

根据天上的配乐有3之前现有的作品tintinnabuli部分通过下午的开发利用,皮毛艾琳娜,明镜和VariationenzurGesundung·冯·Arinuschka明镜。然而,春天的仪式序列幻想曲是最长的一段音乐电影。音乐当听到清楚地表明使用8不同线索的音乐和电影中的音乐元素总覆盖了21分钟时间完成时间的电影。这从电影音乐多媒体实例说明了多媒体语境的观点依然存在。的电影通过一系列的序言。最初的角度来看,音乐在电影中引起的角度也注册一个图像与一个低的声音可持续性构成的含混音色变成一个修辞韵踏板噪音。第一个元素在电影中描述多媒体方法发展从最初的低两个八度踏板点生成通过毛皮艾琳娜和音乐是听到背景跟踪在一个空屏幕,但音乐是如此有效,它就像一个引爆炸弹回忆。

 

代写论文:音乐多媒体的分析实例

Comparing Instances of Multimedia
The instances of multimedia selected in order to compare are Fantasia “The rite of Spring sequence” and the video for Madonna’s “Material Girl” representing the context of multimedia where predatory nature of music is to accompany the component visually and hence dominate the texture of multi-modal.
According to the soundtrack of Heaven there are 3 previously existing works of tintinnabuli developed through Arvo Part who has made use of, Fur Alina, Spiegel in Spiegel and VariationenzurGesundung von Arinuschka . However, the Rite of Spring sequence in Fantasia is the longest piece of music in the movie. The music when heard clearly indicates the use of 8 different cues of music and the total musical element within the film has covered 21 minutes duration out of the complete time of running of the film. This multimedia instance is from a film music which has illustrated multimedia contextual perspectives to remain. The opening of the film takes place through a sequence of prologue. The initial perspective that the music in the film arouses is the perspective of registering an image with a low sound sustainability also constituting the ambiguousness of timbre turning into a rhetoric noise over the musical sound pedal . The first element in the film depicting multi-media approach develop from initial low pedal points of double octaves generated through Fur Alina and the music is heard as a back ground track over an empty screen but the music is so effective that it resembles a detonated bomb reminiscence.

代写论文:城市化及其对农业用地的影响

代写论文:城市化及其对农业用地的影响

表层土壤:土壤的最上部层和最适合农业的目的,因为它富含有机质和生育,寿命长。如果它被侵蚀,被抬出在一段时间内由于自然物理水和风的力量,它将填入排水通道(里斯,1992)。水土流失导致生产力的农业土地的减少,也造成在邻近水体的污染,湖泊和湿地。

测试来评估土壤的丰富:

i)粘土土壤:土壤,如果放在手将保持其形状,当戳它仍将是一种顽固的对象在其原来的形式。

ii)沙:那就是土壤将流出的手就会被打开。

iii)壤土:它是有利于农业的土壤,因为它含有大量的腐烂植物和其它遗物和不包含太多的粘土和沙子。如果它将保存在一方面,它将保持其形状略有戳,它瓦解。

城市化的含义:

(一)社会经济影响:

(二)环境影响:

3)政策影响:

(四)体积密度:

这是一个给定体积重量的土壤。它往往与压实和随深度增加。根的生长受到限制,如果土壤体积密度高于1.6克/立方厘米。

 

代写论文:城市化及其对农业用地的影响

Top soil: It is the upper most layer of the soil and is best for agricultural purposes as it is high in organic matter and is of fertility and has a long life. If it gets eroded and being carried away over a period of time due to natural physical forces of water and wind, it will fill in the drainage channels (Rees, 1992). Soil erosion results in the reduction of productivity of agricultural land and it also contribute in the pollution of adjacent water bodies, lakes and wet lands.
Tests to evaluate the richness of soil:
i) Clay soil: It is that soil which if kept in hand will hold its shape, and when poked it will remain as a stubborn object in its original form.
ii) Sand: It is that soil which will flow out of hand as soon as the hand will be opened.
iii) Loam: It is the soil which is good for agricultural purposes as it contains a lot of decayed plants and other remains and does not contain too much clay and sand in it. If it will be kept in hand, it will hold its shape and when poked slightly, it crumbles.
Implications of Urbanization:
i) Socioeconomic impacts:
ii) Environmental impacts:
iii) Policy Implications:
iv) Bulk density:
It is a weight of soil in a given volume. It tends to increase with compaction and increases with depth. The growth of root is restricted if the soil has a higher bulk density than 1.6g/cm3.

论文代写:城市化及其对农业用地的影响

论文代写:城市化及其对农业用地的影响

作品简介:

土壤:它是地球上最层是矿物质的混合物,气体,有机,液体,粘土和岩石颗粒支持植物的生命周期。

水土流失:这是一个自然过程但发生速度和更危险的结果如果是由于人类的活动,如森林砍伐和农业用地上建设。

基本组件的土壤:土壤是由45%的岩石颗粒的形成是由于风的压力,水和化学过程在一段时间内,25%的水来自各种来源的河流和降雨,25%来自不同气体在空气中,5%的有机质形成的落叶树木和动物的遗体。

这里讨论的主题是“如果建设将继续良好的土壤,未来是什么影响或限制城市发展为农业用地?”

土壤pH值:土壤的酸度和碱度的混合物。PH值测试测量程度的酸性和碱性物质在土壤中。土壤中它是一个重要的因素,因为它影响植物需要养分在土壤的能力的增长。如果土壤pH值为7.0,它被认为是中性的,而土壤含有更多的酸值的pH值低于7.0如果土壤pH值高于7.0则是碱性(王1997)。低于7.0的土壤(pH),那么它缺乏氮、磷、钾和硫。

论文代写:城市化及其对农业用地的影响
Introduction:
Soil: It is the upper most layer of earth and is a mixture of minerals, gases, organic remains, liquids, clay and rock particles which support the life cycle of a plant.
Soil Erosion: It is a natural process but occurs at a faster rate with more hazardous results if it is a result of activities of human beings such as deforestation and construction on agricultural land.
Basic components of soil: Soil is made up of 45% rock particles which are formed due to the pressure of wind, water and chemical processes over a period of time, 25% of water from various sources of river and rains, 25% from various gases present in the air, 5% organic matter which is formed from the fallen leaves of the trees and remains of animals.
Here the topic of discussion is “if construction will be continued on good soils, what are the future implications or constraints for urban development into agricultural land?”
Soil pH: It is a mixture of soil acidity and alkalinity. PH is tested to measure the degree of acid and alkaline as a substance in the soil. It is an important ingredient in the soil as it influences the capacity of plants to take nutrients available in soil for their growth. If the pH level is 7.0 in the soil then it is considered as neutral whereas the soil which contains more acids have the value of pH below 7.0 and if pH is above 7.0 then the soil is alkaline (Wang, 1997). The soil which is below 7.0 (pH) then it lacks nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and sulphur.

论文代写:运动数字营销的建议提交教育护理组织回收

论文代写:运动数字营销的建议提交教育护理组织回收

工作说明书

的上下文中使用的方法,将本公司的广告和附属营销的合作形式。这将使该公司使用其合作伙伴公司的资源来获得更多的接触到其他行业。教育护理的初步分析表明,以下是关键客户可以问营销伙伴关系风险,即:

家具部:

中国家具是一家销售家具。它有它的起源从Remploy公司。家具公司,几乎只有ex-remploy工人就业。Remploy是一个组织,由英国政府所有。他们训练残疾人,让他们参与社区的活动。他们卖的废弃家具回收。的主要概念教育护理的公司是一样的,加上他们也帮助残疾人就业。他们也用其他社区服务项目的利润。

Novatech:

Novatech公司主要销售电子产品和提供服务支持。他们制造的一些电子产品像桌面,笔记本电脑也卖其他制造商的产品。这是一个非常成功的公司,在业务超过27年。他们有一个很好的电子产品的库存。他们能够满足玩家的需求,技术的业务流程,并有工程师来迎合人们的技术需要。这是一个动态的公司已经能够维持在市场上很长一段时间。

论文代写:运动数字营销的建议提交教育护理组织回收
Statement of Work
The approach that will be used in the context of this company is that of a partnership form of advertising and affiliate marketing. This will enable the company to use the resources of its partner company to get more exposure to other industries. An initial analysis of Educare reveals that the following are the key clients who could be asked with the marketing partnership venture, namely:
Ministry of furniture:
Ministry of furniture is a company that sells furniture. It has its origins from the Remploy Company. Ministry of furniture is the company that has employed almost only ex-remploy workers. The Remploy is an organization that is owned by the Government of UK. They train disabled people and make them activity participants in the community. They sell the discarded furniture that has been recycled to the people. The primary notion of the company is the same as that of Educare plus they also help disabled people with jobs. They also use the profits for other community outreach programs.
Novatech:
Novatech is a company that sells primarily electronic goods and provides service support. They manufacture some of the electronic goods like desktop, laptop and also sell the products of other manufacturers. It is a very successful company and has been in the business for more than twenty-seven years. They have a very good inventory of the electronic goods. They are able to satisfy the needs of the gamers to the very technical business processes, and have engineers to cater to the technology need of the people. This is a dynamic company that has been able to sustain in the markets for a long period of time.