美国代写论文：慢性疼痛对青少年的影响
美国代写论文：慢性疼痛对青少年的影响。慢性疼痛极大地影响了青少年的情绪，限制了他们正常的身体、学术和社会活动。本文的目的是深入了解慢性疼痛对青年人口自身生活和经历的影响。本研究采用扎根理论和深度半结构化访谈的叙事分析。它为参与者提供了足够的时间来描述他们的经历。此外，通过分析他们的叙述，文章的主要目的是减少病人的痛苦。这篇文章的目的是表明不公正的感知与疼痛有关联，在患有慢性疼痛的儿童或青少年中也有相同的功能结果。接下来美国代写论文将为同学们讲解下慢性疼痛对青少年的影响。
法:选取53名年龄在10 – 18岁之间、有慢性疼痛报告的儿童，包括头痛、功能性神经-内脏疼痛障碍、慢性局部疼痛综合征和纤维肌痛。样本从大专院校儿科诊所招募。
研究发现:62%的孩子试图隐藏他们的痛苦，因为他们不想从同龄人和家庭成员那里获得同情。他们认为这可能会让他们不变得焦虑和抑郁。一些孩子对慢性疼痛感到无力，因为它无法治愈。大约53%的参与者感到孤立、污名化、误解和与学校其他孩子，尤其是同龄人和同学不同。由于慢性疼痛，参与者的身体活动受到限制，这导致他们产生负面情绪，如愤怒、悲伤、担心或焦虑和恐惧。此外，一些参与者担心疼痛会如何影响他们未来的计划和职业生涯。一些参与者表示，从他们的角度来看，医生缺乏理解和忽视。
所有以前的研究都调查了对疼痛的不公正感知对成年患者是至关重要的，也是一个可能的治疗重点。
方法:采用不公正体验问卷调查儿童不公正感知与慢性疼痛的关系。本研究采用定量研究、非实验设计和回顾性临床数据分析，因为本研究首次调查不公正的感知和青年人群慢性疼痛之间的关系。因此，该研究需要一个大的群体作为其样本，以确保结果可以一般化。本研究选取139名来自美国中西部三级护理跨学科儿科疼痛管理诊所的患者，年龄在8 – 18岁之间，患有与慢性疾病、损伤、运动活动或外科手术相关的慢性疼痛。
结果与发现:研究发现，更高水平的不公正感知与更高水平的疼痛强度、疼痛灾难化和功能障碍显著相关。这也与较差的情感、社交和学校功能有关。当孩子患有慢性疼痛时，他们的绝望感会被唤起，他们会有一种无力感。因此，与进行正常体育活动的儿童相比，患有慢性疼痛的青少年患抑郁症的风险更高。此外，所感受到的不公正绝对与社会和学校运作有关。慢性疼痛与经常缺课、学习成绩差以及可能导致社会排斥的同学关系差有关。此外，被认为不公平的拒绝可能会导致愤怒和反社会行为。这些反应可能会增加孩子的学业成绩和社会孤立。此外，感知到的不公正与功能残疾之间存在显著且独特的关联。
Methodology: Fifty-three children aged between ten to eighteen years and had reported chronic pain including headaches, functional neuro-visceralpain disorder, chronicregional pain syndrome, and fibromyalgia were selected. The sample was recruited form tertiary university-based pediatric clinic.
Findings: The study found that sixty-two percent of children tried to hide their pain, because they did not want to receive empathy from peers and family members. They thought it might keep them from becoming anxious and depressed. Some children felt powerless from chronic pain because it could not be cured. Approximately fifty-three percent of participants felt isolation, stigmatized, misunderstood and different from other children at school, especially peers and classmates. Because of chronic pain, participants physical activity was limited which caused them to develop the negative emotion such as anger, sadness, worry or anxiety, and fear. In addition, some participants worried about how pain will influence their future plans and careers. Several participants informed that there was lack of physician understanding and disregard from their perspective.
All previous studies investigated injustice perceptions about pain are essential in adult patients and a possible treatment focus.
Method: The study made use of an Injustice Experiences Questionnaire to investigate the relationship between injustice perceptions and chronic pain in children. This study used quantitative research andnon- experimental design and retrospective analysis of clinical data because this study is first to investigate association between injustice perceptions and chronic pain in youth population. Thus, the study required a large population group as its sample in order to ensure that the results could be generalized. This study selected 139 participants aged between eight to eighteen years with chronic pain related to chronic disease, injury, sports activity, or surgery in Midwestern tertiary care interdisciplinary pediatric pain management clinic.
Results and Findings: The study found that higher levels of perceived injustice were significantly related with higher levels of pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, and functional disability. This also had a relationship with poorer emotional, social, and school functioning. When children had chronic pain, their feelings of hopelessness aroused and they felt a sense of powerlessness. Thus, compared with children having normal physical activity, adolescents with chronic pain had high risk of getting depressed. Moreover, perceived injustice was absolutely associated to social and school functioning. Chronic pain was related to frequently missed school days, poor academic performance, and poor classmate relationship that may cause social ostracism. Moreover, rejection perceived as unjust could lead to anger and antisocial behaviour. These responses may increase poor academic achievement and social isolation of children. In addition, perceived injustice was significantly and inimitably associated with functional disability.
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