美国代写论文：不公平交易

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美国代写论文：不公平交易

不合情理的交易可以被描述为不合情理地使用优越的地位损害另一方遭受残疾或者当该方处于不利的地位时。因此，这种交易是在某种情况或条件下发生时，一方与另一方相比处于特殊劣势，而另一方则处于不公平或不合理的优势。在这方面需要建立几个要素。特殊的残疾不仅仅是不平等，而且涉及到判断力受损。同样，利用涉及残疾知识，程序性或实质性的不合情理。另一方应该因不合情理的行为而签订合同。
高盛法院在Blomley诉Ryan案中做出的判决确定了“不合情理”的概念，并且由于高等法院对“澳大利亚商业银行诉Amadio案”的判决而得到加强。因此，根据一般原则，由于某种条件或情况，一方当事人处于特殊劣势，另一方已经采取不公平或不合理的优势时，由于这种特殊的不利条件而产生的机会，在这种情况下案件中，由于不合情理的行为，交易可以由法院撤销。

美国代写论文：不公平交易
本案的事实与澳大利亚商业银行v Amadio的事实相似。在这种情况下，70多岁的意大利夫妇也被儿子和银行经理要求为他们的儿子执行担保。然而，银行经理有充分的理由相信，儿子对他的业务的偿付能力向他的父母撒谎，他也知道父母的经历很少，他们在理解英语方面存在问题。

美国代写论文：不公平交易

An unconscionable dealing can be described as the unconscientiously using superior position to the detriment of the other party suffering from a disability or when the party is in anexceptional position of disadvantage. Therefore, such dealing takes place when as a result of some circumstance or condition, one party has been placed at a special disadvantage as compared to the other party and the other party takes an unfair or unconscientious advantage. There are several elements that need to be established in this regard. The special disability is not a mere inequality but it involves impaired judgment. Similarly, taking advantage involves the knowledge of disability, procedural or substantive unconscionability. The other party should have entered into the contract as a result of the unconscionable conduct.
The notion of “unconscionability” was firmly established by the decision of the High Court given in Blomley v Ryan and it was strengthened by the decision of the High Court given in the case titled ‘Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio’. Therefore, according to the general principle, when, asa result of some condition or circumstances, one party is under a special disadvantage and an unfair or unconscientious advantage has been takenby the other party, of the opportunity created by such special disadvantage, in such a case, the transaction can be set aside by the court due to unconscionable conduct.

美国代写论文：不公平交易
The facts of the present case are similar to the facts of Commercial bank of Australia v Amadio. In this case also, an Italian couple in their 70s was asked by their son and bank manager to execute a guarantee for their son. However the bank manager had strong reasons to believe that the son had lied to his parents regarding the solvency of his business and he also knew that the parents had very little business experience and they had problems in understanding English language.

美国代写论文：薪酬方案

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美国代写论文：薪酬方案

从所讨论的案例和情景的角度来看，应该指出的是，在场景中可能被强调为恢复工具的双方之间没有任何适当的关于更新薪酬方案的书面合同;因此，在所讨论的情况下，也可以如图所示的例子那样，不能给予任何保证来补偿对卢克的任何类型的恢复。
应该指出的是，在违反合同存在的情况下，合同补救措施是可执行的。违反合同违反了合同的约束力，因此，任何违约都会导致惩罚，并且只有在处罚时才有约束力。这种失败可能是由于完全违背了义务，或者是延迟与时间相比，或者是表现不佳。

美国代写论文：薪酬方案
在所讨论的情况中，卢克似乎不能执行新的管理，也不会改变对新薪酬方案的决定，因为卢克和管理层之间没有任何书面合同。对这起案件的研究也强调信息隐私是必不可少的，因为如果这些信息不能泄露，卢克就不会决定或计划采取法律行动;然而，如果卢克坚持要采取法律措施，没有书面合同，他的努力就不合理。原则上，义务是自发进行的。然而，债务人错误地认为它没有运行，或者运行不好，它的义务。违规这一术语实际上意味着许多不遵守后果的行为取决于拟议的行动，因为丰田着名的“加速案例”要求这家汽车巨头向其利益相关者赔偿11亿美元（产品责任 – 产品责任改革，nd ）。

美国代写论文：薪酬方案

In the perspective of discussed case and scenario, it should be noted that there is no any proper written contract about the updated salary package between the parties that could be highlighted as a recovery tool in the scenario; hence, in the discussed scenario that could also be taken as illustrated example there cannot be given any guarantee to compensate any type of recovery to the Luke.
It should be noted that contract remedies are executable in those scenarios where the breach of contract exists. The breach of contract is a breach of the binding force of contract, therefore, any breach will result in a penalty, and there may be binding effective only if there is a penalty. Such failure may result from a complete breach of an obligation, either a delay compared to the time or so it may be a poorly done performance.

美国代写论文：薪酬方案
in the discussed scenario, Luke does not seems in the position to enforce the new management, not to change its decision about the new salary package because there was no any written contract between the Luke and the management. The study of this case also highlighted that informational privacy is essential because if this information could not leaked, Luke would have not decide or plan to take legal action; however, if Luke insists to take the legal steps so, without written contract his effort will not be justified. In principle, the obligations are performed spontaneously. However, it happens that the debtor be wrong that it is not running, or it runs badly, its obligations. The term breach actually means many forms of non-compliance with the consequences vary depending on the proposed action as Toyota Famous “acceleration Case” that oblige this auto giant to compensate 1.1 billion US dollar to its stakeholders (Product liability – product liability reform, n.d).

美国论文代写：遗嘱的无效条件

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美国论文代写：遗嘱的无效条件

使用不适当的影响在建立一个公正和有效的框架方面起了很大作用，以减少个人之间的脆弱性并提高他们之间的确定性。但是，在某些情况下，不正当的影响也会被滥用。以下是美国，英国和中国等国家（特别是香港）普遍采用不正当影响的情况;
对一个孩子的处罚：异常的必要性，切断任何慷慨的遗产，涉及对被遗赠者的丰富性的定期抗议。在母亲或父亲将儿童排除在外的时候，一个不自然的示范清楚地显示了不适当的影响。

美国论文代写：遗嘱的无效条件
选出死者以前的遗产计划：处理与死者目标不同的处置，在记录执行前进行沟通。如果被继承人过去以同样的方式对待自己的孩子的威尔或信托，另一种意愿，修正或信任否定了前一方的意愿或信任，则可以得出死者受到不当影响的结论。
身体和精神状态得到缓解：一个身体和心理状态可以颠覆自己以实现自己意志自由的遗嘱人;并且如果存在证据，那么该立遗嘱人的精神状态就会变得虚弱，这表明另一个人的压力已经征服了立遗嘱人的遗嘱，这就更简单了，从而施加了不正当影响的情况。
突然压抑态度转变：根据香港法律，法院可能会推测，对其亲属态度突然下降的态度可能源于心灵的消灭，也可能导致亲属出现不适当的影响。
缺乏时间精神上的缺陷：过去充满精神缺陷的创造者与底线紧密相连，通过存在这些缺陷，可以不恰当地影响立遗嘱者。

美国论文代写：遗嘱的无效条件

The use of undue influence has helped a lot in the establishment of a just and efficacious framework in order to reduce the vulnerability among individuals and enhancing certainty among them. However, there are some cases in which undue influence is misused as well. Following are the cases in which Undue Influence is commonly utilized among countries like United States, England and China (especially in Hong Kong);
Dispossessing a child: Necessities that are aberrant, cutting off from any generous estates, involves the regular protests of the decedent’s abundance. At the point when a mother or father takes hands off the children, which is excluding the kids, an unnatural demonstration clearly shows undue influence.

美国论文代写：遗嘱的无效条件
Opposing decedent’s previous estate plan: Dispositions at variation with the decedent’s aims, communicated before the record’s execution. In the event that a decedent had a past Will or Trust that treated his kids in the same way, yet another will, amendment or trust repudiates the previous one, this can make up the conclusion that the decedent was influenced in an undue manner.
Deprived physical and mental state: A testator whose physical and mental state is such as to allow a subversion of to have his own freedom of will; and if there exists proof the testator had a debilitated state of mind it is simpler to show the pressure of another individual has conquered the testator’s will thus imposing the case of undue influence.
Abrupt Depressing Shift in attitude: Under the law of Hong Kong, courts may conjecture that the sudden depressing swing in attitude towards its relatives can be originated by extermination of mind and it could also lead to the emerging of undue influence among relatives.
Olden times mental shortfalls: A will creator with a past full of mental deficiencies adjoins the bottom line that the testator can be influenced in an unduly manner by means of having these deficiencies.

美国论文代写：合同类型

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美国论文代写：合同类型

该组织主要签订了两种或三种合同。其中之一是一种简单的传统合同方法，涉及与建筑师和设计师合作的工作范围的总承包商，并且一次性收取费用。这样的合同通常是通过竞标赢得的。戈登（Gordon，1994）认为，这种传统合同对于负责全部原材料采购，设计师协调和价格细节在建设开始之前负责的所有者具有优势，对价格可变性的了解（如果有的话），以及控制设计。简单来说，这是一个开始调试合同，使承包商能够控制整个施工程序。这种合同类型也给承包商选择采购程序带来了很大的自由。

美国论文代写：合同类型

这些程序或多或少是标准的，随后是知名且知名的供应商，他们长期以来一直提供物料，但是在每个合同之前，在施工期间对价格灵活性和预测变化性进行了讨论。但是，对于业主不喜欢的情况，由于行业受到经济状况的影响，此类合同通常会导致时间和成本估算不准确。 Odeh和Battaineh（2002）也同意这一观点，他们认为这类事件与传统的承包商中由于最低投标而选择的事件更为相关。虽然通货膨胀考虑因素正在合约中考虑，但一些不可控制的因素往往会影响定价，使成本估算升级。由于固定新价格并防止过度损失，这会在中期建设谈判中拖延时间。很大程度上违反业主的意愿，由于外部市场条件导致价格需要修改，承包商要求对原始合同中的条款进行修改。

美国论文代写：合同类型

The organisation majorly entered into contracts of two or three types. One of them is a simple traditional method of contracting which involves a general contractor for the scope of work who works with the architect and the designer, and has a lump-sum amount to the fees. Such a contract is often won by competitive bidding. Gordon (1994) asserts that such kind of traditional contracts has an advantage for the owner who is in-charge of the entire raw materials purchase, designer coordination, and price details before the construction begins, knowledge of the variability of price if any, and having control over the design. In simple terms it is a start to commissioning contract which enables the contractor to control the entire procedure of the construction. This contract type also gave much liberty to the contractor to choose the procurement procedures.

美国论文代写：合同类型

The procedures were more or less standard and were followed with known and reputed suppliers who had been providing materials since long, but there were discussions being held before each contract on price flexibility and predictive variability through the course of the construction period. However, to the owners dislike, such contracts often led to inaccurate time and cost estimates, due to the industry being affected by economic conditions. This is also being agreed by Odeh and Battaineh (2002) who states that such kind of incidents are more relevant in traditional contractors who are chosen due to lowest bidding. Though the inflation consideration is being factored in the contract, some uncontrollable factors often affect the pricing escalating the cost estimates. This attracts time delays for mid-construction negotiations due to fixation of new pricing and preventing excessive losses. Much against the wish of the owner, the contractor demands a price revision as a result of a clause being included in the original contract about necessary amendments in the price due to external market conditions.

美国俄勒冈大学论文代写：世贸组织

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美国俄勒冈大学论文代写：世贸组织

“关税与贸易总协定”（GATT）于1948年成立，以确保各国遵守公平贸易政策。它是在世界大战后创建的，目的是确保进行国际贸易的国家遵循公平的贸易惯例。世界贸易组织（世贸组织）于1995年成立，也是为了同样的目的。世贸组织扩大了GATT的功能。目前世界上有134个国家是世贸组织的成员。关贸总协定召开时约有22个国家，1994年有122个国家成为会员国。他们理解这个组织的隐含理由，并承诺遵守世贸组织规定的促进贸易和商业的规则。世界各国的发展中国家和发达国家都受益于世贸组织。 WTO的基本原则是自由和公平贸易。

美国俄勒冈大学论文代写：世贸组织
WTO对GATT有一些扩大的权力和职能。从根本上说，WTO有合法的执法法律。另一方面，关贸总协定只是一个省内公认的协议，没有法律约束力。世贸组织有一项具有约束力的协议，并且所有成员都被列入常任理事国。与仅关注货物贸易的GATT协议不同，WTO在确定国际产权，通过贸易和国际投资提供的服务方面拥有发言权。其背后的主要思想是确保各国遵守规定的贸易和商业道德伦理。关贸总协定成立时没有规定为解决争端提供舞台。他们没有一个基本上可以调节争端的独立机构。 WTO的这一规定就在那里。他们有单独的机构来讨论和解决贸易国家之间的争端和问题。

美国俄勒冈大学论文代写：世贸组织

The General Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) was created in 1948 to ensure that the countries are following fair trade policies. It was created after the world war to ensure fair trade practices was being followed by the countries conducting international trade. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1995 also for the same purpose. The WTO has extended functionalities over the GATT. Currently 134 countries around the world are members of the WTO. GATT had about 22 countries when it was convened and had 122 countries as members in 1994. They have understood the implicit reason for this organization and have pledged to follow the rules mandated by the WTO to promote trade and commerce. The developing countries and the developed countries around the world are benefitted by WTO. The fundamental principle of WTO is Free and Fair trade .

美国俄勒冈大学论文代写：世贸组织
WTO has some extended powers and functions over the GATT. Fundamentally WTO has legally enforcement laws. GATT on the other hand is only a provincially accepted agreement that had no legal bearing. WTO has a binding agreement and has all the members enlisted as permanent members. Unlike the GATT agreement that focused only on the trading of the goods, WTO has its say in determining international property rights, services rendered through trade and in International investments. The primary ideology behind this is to ensure that the countries are following the prescribed moral ethics of trade and commerce. GATT when it was set up did not have provisions to provide an arena to settle disputes. They did not have a separate body that basically regulates disputes. This provision is there in WTO. They have a separate body to discuss and resolve disputes and issues between the trading countries.