标签存档： 美国代写report

美国代写report：艺术家访谈

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美国代写report：艺术家访谈

访谈进行的是安静沉溺，有不同的观点，有助于分析这位艺术家对人，地方，教育，创作工作和自己的看法。
作为一名MFA毕业后，她最初是一名印刷厂，抽屉和陶瓷设计师，因为尽管她来自一流大学，但是他们没有一个好的绘画部门来教授创作的基本知识。从这个角度来看，她可以暗示她对创意艺术领域的访问和教育不足的看法。尽管现代世界的大学通过技术进步来满足所有必需品，但是创造性艺术领域仍然存在诸如与获取相关的一些缺乏的发展。并不是所有的大学都有合适的绘画部门，使有抱负的艺术人才要么下降一年，要么进入另一个具有相似方面的课程。

美国代写report：艺术家访谈
关于作为一个人的艺术家，她表示自己的观点是突出的。她相信每个人都可以拥有艺术表达，但是一个好艺术家是如何将这些表情印在画布上。此外，她对自己为什么选择成为一名画家而不是音乐家或舞者表达了自己的看法。她说，她一直都知道她必须是一名画家，而且从3岁开始，她就一直追求同样的目标，而没有对这个领域的任何问题提出质疑和建议。

美国代写report：艺术家访谈

The Interview conducted was quiet indulging and there were various perspectives that helped in analysing the way in which this artist views on people, places, education, creative work access and her own self.
She initially started as a print maker, drawer and ceramic designer after getting graduated as an MFA because even though she was from top universities but these did not have the facility of a good department for painting for teaching the basics of creative works. From this her views on creative art region access and educational inadequacies can be implied. Even though universities in the modern world have all the required necessities through technological advancements but still the creative art work field has several developments lacking behind such as that related to access. Not all universities have appropriate painting departments making aspiring individuals of art to either drop a year or get enrolled in another course with similar aspects.

美国代写report：艺术家访谈
About artist as a person, she indicated her views to be salient in nature. She believed everyone can have artistic expressions in them but what makes a good artist is how those expressions are imprinted over a canvas. Furthermore, she made her views clear on why she chose to be a painter rather than a musician or a dancer. She said that she was always aware of the fact that she has to be a painter and since a very young age of 3 years, she has been pursued on the same goal without questioning or entertaining any questions on the domain.

美国代写report：联合利华

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美国代写report：联合利华

菲律宾Smart Communications公司发现，可用性是向BOP市场提供移动电信服务的最大障碍。虽然知道管理供应链将是非常昂贵和困难的，他们试图想出一个创新的解决方案。他们启动了“无线”支付系统，最大限度地降低了物理分配产品的成本。消费者可以通过电子方式重新加载，即使是在偏远的农村地区，也可以帮助消费者购买空运时间。

美国代写report：联合利华
全球快速消费品巨头联合利华（Unilever）的Smart公司也认为，国际收支中的消费者将成为公司长期盈利的关键。他们制定了一个分配制度，确保他们的产品到达最远的地区。 HLL经销商使用牛车，自动人力车和独木舟来分销他们的产品
负担能力被定义为公司的商品或服务对于BOP市场的消费者来说合理的程度。由于这些消费者靠日常工资茁壮成长，公司必须以能够使消费者甚至是最贫穷的消费者的价格来交付产品。三分之二的收入最低的消费者对价格极为敏感。他们中的大多数将收入用于食物。无论微薄的收入是用来购买必需品。联合利华为最重要的生活必需品开发了非常便宜的小包装。小包装满足了消费者的日常需求，因为它们的价格非常低廉。联合利华并没有专注于销售。他们想要改变这个制度。他们想到如何将自己的产品变成一个影响深远的运动（Gorman，Werhane＆Mead，2004）。他们致力于事业，他们的动力是服务于人，而不是积累利润。

美国代写report：联合利华

Smart Communications Inc. of Philippines’ found that availability was the biggest hurdle to provide mobile telecom services to the BOP market. Although knowing that managing the supply chain would be very costly and difficult, they tried to come up with an innovative solution.  They started the “over-the-air” payment system which minimized the costs of distributing the product physically. Consumers could electronically reload which helped the customers to buy the air time even in remotest rural areas.
美国代写report：联合利华
Not only Smart, global FMCG giant, Unilever, too believed that consumers in BOP would be the key to the firm’s long term profitability. They developed a distribution system which ensured that their products would reach the farthest areas. The HLL distributors used bullock carts, auto rickshaws and canoes to distribute their products
Affordability is defined as the extent to which a company’s goods or services are reasonable to the consumers of the BOP market. Since these consumers thrive on daily wages, companies have to deliver products at a price which would enable consumption even to the poorest customers. Two-thirds of the consumers in the lowest income band are extremely sensitive to price. Most of them spend their income on food. Whatever meagre income is left is used to purchase necessities. Unilever developed very low priced small packs for the most important necessities of life. The small packs met the daily needs of the consumers as they had a very low price. Unilever did not concentrate only on sales; they wanted to bring about a change in the system. They thought about how their products can turn into a movement which would have a far reaching impact (Gorman, Werhane & Mead, 2004). They were dedicated to the cause and their motivation was to serve people rather than accumulating profits.

美国代写report：美国革命与内战

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美国代写report：美国革命与内战

美国革命与内战与重建
美国革命（1763 – 1783年）：1763年巴黎和约在七年之后正式结束，英国北美殖民者对他们的未来充满了希望。由于法国，西班牙和英国在17世纪后期发生的一系列战争，平民的生活受到了彻底的破坏。当英国国旗在北美许多地方飞行时，殖民者盼望着一个不间断的和平，扩张和繁荣的时代。英国人为自己的胜利而感到骄傲，他们自己的身份是“自由的英国人”，他们从未在乎革命，独立和未来二十年可能发生的事情，而且可能是另一场战争。
内战与重建（1861-1877）：
美国革命与内战与重建的原因与后果 –
这些军事力量是占领和征服南方联盟指挥官的战略灵活性受到限制的必要条件。最后，在南方军队中享有在同情和支持的领土上经营的好处。

美国代写report：美国革命与内战
结论
直到1860年，南北人民之间的分歧变得如此之深以至于他们开始认为他们属于两个不同的国家。在内战中，美国人的死亡人数比美国历史上任何其他的冲突都多。非洲裔美国人维护自己的权利的努力并没有减少，因为政府为重建所做的未履行承诺。黑人男女持续抗议，白人同盟为鼓动变革，声音越来越高，要求反对种族歧视的正义要求继续在黑人报刊上发表。这导致在地方和国家层面组建保护公民权利的组织，其中也包括了1905年的尼亚加拉运动。为了占领和征服联合国指挥官的战略灵活性受到限制的南方，军队是必要的。最后，在南方军队中享有在同情和支持的领土上经营的好处。

美国代写report：美国革命与内战

American Revolution and the Civil War and Reconstruction
American Revolution (1763-1783): In 1763 after the Peace of Paris formally ended after a period of seven years the British Colonist of North America filled with great hopes for their future. Due to series of wars between France, Spain and Britain in late 17th century the lives of civilians were completely disrupted. The colonist looked forward for a time of uninterrupted peace, expansion and prosperity when the British flag flew in many parts of North America. British people were very proud of their victory and with their own identities as “free Britons” they never cared for what could happen in the next two decades in terms of revolution, independence and may be another war.
Civil war and Reconstruction (1861-1877):
Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution and the Civil War and Reconstruction:
These military forces were necessary for occupying and conquering the South where the strategic flexibility of Union commanders was restricted. Lastly the benefits of operating in sympathetic and supportive territory were enjoyed by the armies of South.

美国代写report：美国革命与内战
Conclusion
Till 1860 the differences between the people of north and south became so deep that they started thinking that they belong to two different countries. In the Civil War conflicts the number of Americans who lost their lives was more than any other conflict in the history of America. The efforts of the African American for safeguarding their rights did not diminish due to unfulfilled promises done by government for Reconstruction. Continuous protests of Black men and women and the white allies for agitating change increased their voices with demands for justice against racial discrimination continued in the Black press. This led to the formation of organizations for the protection of civil rights at local and national level that also included the Niagara Movement of 1905. The military forces were necessary for occupying and conquering the South where the strategic flexibility of Union commanders was restricted. Lastly the benefits of operating in sympathetic and supportive territory were enjoyed by the armies of South.

美国代写report：管理组织变革

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美国代写report：管理组织变革

简而言之，可以说，苹果在前一个领导时代能够发展的权力文化有一些缺点。其中包括员工创造力和积极性，与决策过程相关的高度风险，以及领导者决策所面临的较低管理风险的批评。然而，可以说，组织可能会面临严重的后果，因为新领导的领导能力和业务技能可能不足以处理这些后果。
在本报告中，将讨论外部变革顾问在组织内的角色。进一步推进，推动文化变革的力量将被确定和讨论。还将讨论组织可能为实现其目标而面临的问题。还应提供有关变更管理相关理论变革的实施建议。
推动相关变革的力量
组织变革是为了应对不断变化的环境，或作为对当前危机局势的反应。由于行政权力的变化而发生组织变革时，可以得到具体的证据。影响组织效能的因素很普遍（Ackerman，2001）。其他关键要素包括激励制度和结构。对于其保存，转换和分析，也不能采取适当的方法。这些因素包括与外部环境变化相关的某些因素，以及能够提高内部管理有效性的因素。所有的组织都必须意识到变化的原因，内部条件和外部环境，这有助于决定哪些因素应该改变。组织变革最着名的目标是战略，结构，文化，愿景，制度，领导风格和生产技术。
文化是指规范，基本假设和成员的集体价值（George＆Jones 2007）。这些变化包括这些基本假设的内容和集体价值的变更。基本上，与隐性文化相比，显性文化的变化可以很容易地进行管理。另一方面，领导力是一个组织内部的有影响力的力量。领导风格的变化影响着员工与团队的互动。

美国代写report：管理组织变革

In simple words, it can be stated that the power culture that Apple was able to develop in the previous leadership era had a number of disadvantages. These included creativity and initiatives of employees being under-utilized, high degree of risk related to decision making process and no criticism from lower management risk being faced by decisions of the leader. However, it can be stated that the organization might face serious consequences as the leadership and business skills of the new leader might not be adequate enough to handle these consequences.
In this report, role of external change consultant within an organization will be discussed. Further ahead, forces that drive cultural change will be identified and discussed. Problems will also be discussed that the organization might face for the achievement of their goals. Recommendations shall also be provided with respect to implementation of change related to relevant theories of change management.
Forces driving relevant Change
Organizational change takes place as a response to a changing environment or as a reaction towards a current situation of crisis. Specific evidence can be obtained when organizational changes occur due to change in executive power. The factors that influence effectiveness of organization are widespread (Ackerman 2001). Other key elements include incentive systems and structure. Development of appropriate approaches also cannot be done for its preservation, transformation, and analysis. These include certain factors in relation with changes in external environment and factors that are capable enough to improve the effectiveness of internal management. All organizations must be aware of reasons to change, internal condition, and external environment that help in deciding which factors should be changed. The most known target of organizational change involves strategy, structure, culture, vision, system, leadership style, and producing technology.
Culture refers to norms, basic assumptions, and collective value of members (George & Jones 2007). The change includes alteration of content of these basic assumptions and collective value. Basically, change in explicit culture can be easily managed in comparison with implicit culture. On the other hand, leadership is an influential force within an organization. Change in style of leadership influences the interaction of its employees and the group dynamic.

代写report：羊群行为的合理性

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代写report：羊群行为的合理性
羊群行为被称为群体中的个体的行为，可以在没有集中指导的情况下以集体的方式行事。这个特定的术语可以被称为在群体，鱼类学校，鸟群，包，示威，一般罢工和骚乱中的动物所遵循的行为。股票市场的大趋势通常会以与买卖有关的泡沫的疯狂时间开始（Park，1991）。一些过度的服务引用了所有这些事件都是羊群行为不合理的明显证据，而驱动它的主要因素是情绪。这些包括在泡沫内的崩溃和贪婪内的恐惧。与市场行为相关的重要模型可以分析市场。已知的工作表现与文学相关的最少两个相关链（Morck1989）有关。基于此，可以说，由于是一个极其宽泛的概念，羊群行为没有明确的定义。从最一般的意义上讲，羊群行为被称为与其他个体相关的行为模式。然而，放牧的概念已知导致全体人民作出系统性的错误决策。
模仿和模仿被认为是最基本的本能。放牧的证据可以在时尚和流行之中找到，就像关于如何进行最合适的换位的基本决定一样，以及研究需要考虑的主题。在金融领域，羊群具有普遍性的潜力。放牧方面对协调机制有很大的要求。

代写report：羊群行为的合理性

Herding behaviour is referred to as the behaviour of an individual within the group that can act in a collective manner in the absence of centralized direction. This particular term can be referred to as the behaviour being followed by animals when in groups, fish schools, bird flocks, packs, demonstrations, general strikes and riots. Large trends in the market of stock often end and start with the duration of bubbles that are frenzied buying or crashes that are related to sale (Park 1991). It has been cited by a number of the over served that all of these episodes are clear evidence of having herding behaviour that is not rational and the main factor driving it is emotions. These include fear within the crashes and greed within the bubbles. A significant model related to herd behaviour can be analysed with respect to the market. The performance of work is known to be in relation with a minimum of two relevant strands related to literature (Morck1989). Based on this, it can be stated that there is no precise definition of herding behaviour due to the fact of being an extremely broad concept. In the most general sense, herding behaviour is referred to as the patterns of behaviour that are in correlation with other individuals. However, the concept of herding is known to result in systematic erroneous making of decision by the whole population.
Mimicry and imitation is known to be amongst the most basic instincts. The evidence for herding can be found within fads and fashion, just as same as the basic decision regarding how there must be the most appropriate commutation and what topic must be considered for research. Within the realm of finance, herding holds the potentiality of being universal. There is a significant requirement of mechanism with coordination when it comes to herding.

美国代写report：如何留住员工

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美国代写report：如何留住员工

自愿离职是许多组织的问题
员工保留是各种业务遭受的主要问题。作者解释说，多高效和诚恳的员工可以用来应用不同的激励理论。来自知名心理学家的理论已被解释为激励员工和他们的保留（Ramlall，2004）。
人力资源政策和做法必须公平才能激励员工。过程的公平性和目的的公平性是非常重要的，员工对于员工的保留必须被理解。职场正义对于工作场所的多样性非常重要（Kirby＆Richard，2000）。
内部沟通对于突出组织结构的变化至关重要。员工参与决策过程可以大大有助于员工保留（Deetz，Tracy＆Simpson，2000）。
管理层在员工保留中采取的四个关键举措可能是激励员工，管理沟通，管理内部沟通和管理组织内的信息（Gay，Mahoney＆Graves，2005）。
管理者在企业和员工保留方面发挥着重要作用。该杂志为减少员工流失提供了深入的见解和调查问题，也有助于保留员工（Sexter，2002）。

美国代写report：如何留住员工

Voluntary turnover is a problem for many organizations
Employee retention is a major problem that every kind of business has suffered. The author explains that how efficient and sincere employees can be used to apply different motivational theories. Theories from renowned psychologists have been explained for motivating employees and their retention (Ramlall, 2004).
The HR policies and practices must be fair to motivate employees. The process fairness and purpose fairness are highly important and must be understood by the employees for the employee retention. Workplace justice is very important for workplace diversity (Kirby & Richard, 2000).
Internal communication is very vital in bringing prominent changes in the structure of Organization. Employee participation in decision making process can be greatly helpful in employee retention (Deetz, Tracy & Simpson, 2000).
Four critical moves to be taken by management in employee retention could be motivating employees, management communication, managing internal communication and managing information within organization (Gay, Mahoney & Graves, 2005).
The mangers play an important role in business and employee retention. The journal provides the insight and survey questions for reducing employee turnover and also aids in employee retention (Sexter, 2002).

美国代写report：女奴生活中的事件

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美国代写report：女奴生活中的事件

作者包括的事件

总的来说，严格按照时间顺序排列的男性叙述是关注叙事者的生活的，因为这个故事与他走向奴隶制的旅程有关。与此相反的是，雅各的故事创造了一个关于她自己生活事件的焦点。除此之外，雅各布并没有遵循严格的时间顺序格式，而是为了解决奴隶制和教会等某些政治或社会问题或“逃犯奴隶法”的效果而打断了自己的叙述。结果，叙述并不符合其他男性叙述的格式。

主要主题

所遵循的主题与奴隶制经济有关，如苦难，痛苦，争取自由，自我主张，自我定义，社区支持和家庭忠诚。写作被用来作为抵抗，自我表达和自由的来源。识字问题已经被当作比喻来用来表达自由，作为学习写作和阅读的奴隶，往往是最终逃跑的人。然而，由于其他主题也包括在内，如基督教与奴隶制之间的道德冲突，种族主义与色彩偏见，家庭忠诚与遗弃，这些写作并没有完全保留这些主题。

结论

尽管雅各利用了19世纪浪漫主义小说中的风格，可能是因为这是她唯一可用的模式，但内容倾向于创造一个焦点，而不是虚构的主角所经历的事件，而事件她经历了自己。

美国代写report：女奴生活中的事件

Events included by the Author

In general, a strict chronological format had been followed by the male narratives that focus on the life of narrators as the story has been related to his journey moving towards freedom from slavery. In contradiction to this, the narrative by Jacob created a focus on events of her own life. In addition to this, rather than following a strict chronological format, Jacob has interrupted her own narrative for addressing certain political or social issues like slavery and the church, or the effect of the Law on Fugitive Slave. In a consequent manner, the narratives had not been appropriate in accordance with the format of other male narrative.

Key Themes

The main themes followed are related to the economy of slavery such as, suffering, pain, struggle for freedom, self- assertion, self- definition, support of community, and loyalty of family. The writing has been used as a source of resistance, self- expression and freedom as well. The problem of literacy has been considered and used as metaphor in order to express freedom as slaves who learned to write and read, were often the ones who ended up running away. However, the writing does not stay intact to these themes as other themes have been included as well such as conflict of morality between Christianity and slavery, racism and color prejudice, loyalty of families and abandonment.

Conclusion

Even though Jacob utilized the style followed in romantic novels of 19th century in her writing, probably because this had been the only available model to her, the content tends to be creating a focus not on the events experienced by a fictional protagonist, but the events she experienced herself.

美国代写report：方差风险溢价

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美国代写report：方差风险溢价

然而，高阶矩是方差风险溢价的峰度和偏度固定相当好，通过我们的副本创建的常见方差风险溢价与经验近似（Geert，2007）相比稍微不显着。长期来看，债券风险溢价的公允价差风险溢价的预测影响通过我们最受欢迎的价格上涨不可能性的复制品来确定。
先前的努力试图阐明在升级支出方式过程中机会主张的错误，例如， Wachter（2006）（外部模式），Bansal和Shaliastovich（2010）（长期风险），Gabaix（2009）（罕见灾难），熊和燕（2010）（不同的机会），Vayanos和瓦努阿图首都（2009）（偏好环境）（Jiang，Yisong，2005）。我们有一种倾向，认为价格上涨的可能性不可能因素将进一步归功于质量价格的工作最重要的选择以及债券风险溢价（Corsi，Roberto，2010）。
我们对新兴的经济学小说进行了共同的补充，这个小说极大地关注了时间序列不可预测性在真实和变量上的变化的数量意义，以及掌握组合变化或变化的供给，金融体系的成果以及战略考试（Corsi，Roberto，2010）。 Bloom（2009）和Bloom，Floetotto和Jaimovich（2010）也以同样的方式给出了一个关于VIX代理的高性价比不可思议的想法，它可以在接近条件下降低服务和生产力。我们的经验判断和创造性战略平均衡量松散的经济不确定性结构，通过真实以及表面上的不可预测性动态确定（Baele，Geert，2010）。

美国代写report：方差风险溢价

Whereas the upper order moments that are kurtosis and skewness of the variance risk premium are fixed pretty fine, the common variance risk premium created through our replica is somewhat less significant as compared to the experiential approximation (Geert, 2007). At long last, the prognosticative influence of the impartiality variance risk premium for bond risk premia is fixed outstandingly fine by means of our most well-liked price rises improbability replica.
Preceding effort has tried to elucidate the malfunction of the opportunity proposition in the course of the escalation way of expenditure, e.g. Wachter (2006) (exterior pattern), Bansal and Shaliastovich (2010) (risk that is long term based), Gabaix (2009) (uncommon disasters), Xiong and Yan (2010) (varied opportunity), and Vayanos and capital of Vanuatu (2009) (favoured surroundings) (Jiang, Yisong, 2005). we have a tendency to disagree that adding up the price increases improbability element will go an extended thanks to work most important options of quality prices as well as the bond risk premia specifically (Corsi, Roberto, 2010).
We conjointly add to the rising economics fiction which greatly focuses on the quantitative significance of the variation of time series unpredictability in genuine as well as ostensible variables to grasp the supply of combination variations or changes, the fruition of the financial system, as well as the strategy examination (Corsi, Roberto, 2010). In the same way, Bloom (2009) and Bloom, Floetotto, and Jaimovich (2010) give you an idea about that superior cost-effective improbability, VIX proxies, reduces service as well as productivity in close to conditions. Our empirical verdict as well as creative strategy square measure loosely per the economic uncertainty structure determined through genuine as well as the ostensible unpredictability dynamics (Baele, Geert, 2010).

美国代写report：监督公司绩效

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美国代写report：监督公司绩效

根据Allen＆Helms（2006）的观点，控制是一个审查和监督公司整体绩效并确保达到这些目标的过程。对这些成绩进行适当的衡量是非常必要的，如果确保实现适当的组织目标有任何意义，那么他们是否符合相关标准并纠正任何错误。控制职能经理的核心目的是确认所有的业务都是按照相关标准进行的。根据Wernerfelt（2006）的观点，一个高效的控制系统可以帮助一个公司在发生问题之前就指出一些问题。控制由几个步骤和过程组成，可以帮助组织实现其业务目标。

第一步是评估组织控制的主要领域。管理者必须确定他们在规划和开发过程中已经制定的组织使命，目标和目标。第二步是确定绩效和目标的核心标准。任何组织或其部门的业绩都是以货币形式完成的，包括收入，费用等。为了控制运营成本，维珍航空公司的职能经理必须始终如一地全面评估公司的财务业绩，消除额外的间接费用。

另一个关键的步骤是衡量和分析员工的实际表现。组织绩效的比较和分析必须以最准确的方式进行，并且应该发现员工绩效的任何差异或差异，并且还应该帮助确定绩效的最佳水平（Teece，1991）。

美国代写report：监督公司绩效

According to Allen & Helms (2006), controlling is a process for reviewing and monitoring a company’s overall performance and making sure that such objectives have been met. It is very necessary that there is appropriate measurement of these accomplishments and they comply with the relevant standards and correction of any fault if there is any point for insuring achievement of appropriate organizational goals. The core purpose of controlling for a functional manager is to confirm that all business operations are according to the relevant standards. According to Wernerfelt (2006), an efficient and effective system of control can help a company to indicate certain issues before they can even occur. Controlling is comprised of several steps and process which can help an organization to achieve their business goals.

The initial step is to evaluate the major areas for organizational controls. Managers have to determine their organizational missions, objectives and goals which have been developed during a planning and development process. The second step is to determine core standards of performance and objectives. The performance of any organization or its department is done in monetary terms which include revenue, expense, etc. To control operational costs, the functional manager of Virgin airways must thoroughly evaluate the financial performance of the company on a consistent basis and is required control or eliminate additional overhead expenses.

Another crucial step is measuring and analyzing actual performance achieved by the employees. Comparison and analysis of the organization’s performance must be done with the utmost accuracy and it should spot any difference or variance in employee performance and should also help to determine the optimum level of performance (Teece, 1991).

 

美国代写report：供需模型

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美国代写report：供需模型

根据塔克（Tucker，2012，p。404），收入模型的循环流动显示了企业与家庭之间的货币，资源和产品的流动。图中的一半显示了产品市场和其他要素市场。在产品市场上，企业以货币和要素市场的形式出售商品和服务给家庭，企业需要资源，资本，劳动力和制造商品和服务所需的其他因素。在产品市场中，供需模型决定了交换的商品的价格和数量。在要素市场中，相同的模型决定了要求因素的回报。因此，商品和服务在一个方向上流动，而在循环流图中另一个相关的支付流（Tucker，2012，p.405）。

问题（i）

当澳大利亚政府购买美军飞机时，这是一个净撤出。一般来说，政府会以税收，关税等形式为经济支出（军队和其他所有人）提供资金。因此，为了购买军用飞机并加强防御，澳大利亚政府将从澳大利亚的家庭，但不会有任何交换。澳大利亚企业还没有获得任何注资，但这是美国飞机业务，在这种情况下，收入流入。所以这是一个净撤回。

问题（ii）

当政府的支出增加时，可以认为是有利于澳大利亚的家庭。政府反过来又通过税收和公共借款来支付这笔开支。所以既不是退缩，也不是注射。

问题 (iii)

当政府的支出增加时，这对澳大利亚家庭是有利的。政府反过来又通过税收收入和印刷更多的资金来支付这笔开支。政府已经出钱为澳大利亚家庭做些事情。没有任何付款的家庭受益。所以这是一个净注入。

美国代写report：供需模型

According to Tucker (2012, p.404), a circular flow of income model shows the flow of money, resources and products between businesses and households. One half of the figure shows product markets and the other factor markets. In product markets, the firms sell their goods and services to households in exchange for money and in factor markets, the businesses demand resources, capital, labour, and other factors needed to manufacture their goods and services. In the product markets, the demand and supply models determine the prices and quantities of goods in exchange. In the factor market, the same models determine the returns to the demanded factors. Thus goods and service flow in one direction and the related payments flow in the other in the figure of circular flow (Tucker, 2012, p.405).

Problem (i)

When the Australian government purchases US military aircraft, it is a net withdrawal. The government, in general, raises funds, for its expenditure (military and all others) from the economy, in the form of taxes, tariffs, etc. So to purchase the military aircraft and strengthen defense, the Australian government would have collected taxes from the Australian households, but will not have given anything in exchange. The Australian businesses have not obtained any injection, but it is the US aircraft business, that has an inflow of income in this case. So this is a net withdrawal.

Problem (ii)

When the government’s expenditure is increased, it can be assumed that it is in favour to the Australian households. The government has in turn, funded this expenditure through tax revenues and borrowings from the general public. So it is neither a withdrawal nor an injection.

Problem (iii)

When the government’s expenditure is increased, it is in favour to the Australian households. The government has in turn, funded this expenditure through tax revenues and printing more money. The government has printed money to do something in favour of the Australian households. The households are benefited without any payment. So it is a net injection.