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有很多人认为，这些事件是相互关联的，这些事件发生在一个集群中，即使是在随机数据中出现，比如抛硬币。随机漫步理论描述了预期安全价格的所有方法最终都是无用的。根据Malkiel(2016)的说法，内在价值的感知是不可靠的，因为它依赖于对股票市场未来收益的主观估计。在这个问题上，他建议使用预期派息、预期增长率、估计风险以及利率等因素，这些因素支持假设安全的内在价值(Semenov, 2014)。

根据随机行走理论，技术分析是不可靠的，因为在销售价格趋势被打破后，以卖出的价格趋势来确定的价格趋势。重要的是，图表分析师使用的是买入或卖出太晚，并没有发现这条船。根据理论，这发生在股票价格复制信息和技术分析师移动股票。根据Malkiel(2016)，技术分析的广泛使用减少了方法的好处。

此外，根据Malkiel(2016)的说法，根本的分析是不完善的，原因是分析员经常收集信息，这些信息是坏的，没有价值的或者错误的解释。这就导致了股票价值的糟糕预测。因此，分析师往往对未来的安全价格做出错误的预测。一个组织或相关行业的外部因素可能会对股价产生严重的影响，使得基本面分析不恰当且不相关。

There are many people believe that the events are correlated with each other, which come in a cluster and streak even if the streak appears in random data like coin tosses. The random walks theory depicted that the entire methods of anticipating security price are useless in the end. According to Malkiel (2016), the perception of intrinsic value is undependable as it depends on the subjective estimation of the future earnings of the stock market. In this matter, he suggests using the factor like expected dividend pay-out, expected growth rate, estimated risk along with the interest rate, which support in assuming the intrinsic value of the security (Semenov, 2014).

According to the random walk theory, the technical analysis is undependable as the Chartist used to buy only the after price trends, which are established with the sell after the selling price trends are broken down. Importantly, the chartists use to buy or sell too late and fail to spot the boat. As per the theory, this occurs as the stock price replicates the information and the technical analyst moves on the stock. As per Malkiel (2016), the wide usages of technical analysis decrease the benefits of the approach.
Furthermore, according to Malkiel (2016), the fundamental analysis is imperfection, and the reason is the analyst often gathers information which is bad, worthless or incorrect interpretation of that information. It leads to the bad prediction of the stock value. Therefore, the analyst often predicts wrongly about the future price of the security. The exterior factors of an organization or the relevant industry may influence badly on the stock price, which makes the fundamental analysis inappropriate and irrelevant.

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根据随机漫步理论，股票的现有市场价格是机会的结果，而不是之前事件的总和或人类行为模型的结果。随机漫步理论被认为是一个激烈争论的话题，在学术学者、金融分析师和投资者之间存在着许多争论。一个活跃的交易股票的价格变动或价格变动被证明是随机的，因此任何对未来价格波动的预测都必须被认为是一个错误的练习(Bougioukou, 2015)。

根据支持随机漫步理论的学者们的说法，未来安全价格的变动比过去的更难以预测。这个想法是随机漫步理论的关键。如果股票的当前市场价格是股票实际价值的完整表示，那么就没有任何方法可以分析，这可以对未来的证券价格走势提供一个适当的洞察。

作者Malkiel将随机漫步的概念和理论进行了扩展，提出了一种观点，即安全的主动交易是以下命题。正是由于交易成本的随机性，价格变动才说明作者提出的命题(Chitenderu, Maredza and Sibanda, 2014)。通过对不同的股票市场指数进行投资，买入并持有交易管理的理念，并将其与短期交易策略进行技术分析比较，认为这是一种较好的交易策略。

According to the random walk theory, a stock’s existing market price is a result of chance rather than the summation of previous events or the outcome of the model of human behaviour. The random walk theory is considered as a hotly debated subject, and there are many debates occur in this subject among the academic scholars, financial analyst and the investors. The individual prices movement or price changes of an actively traded stock are illustrated to be random and thus any prediction of future price fluctuations must be considered as a faulty exercise (Bougioukou, 2015).

According to the scholars who support the random walk theory, the future movement of the security price is widely unpredictable than the past one. The idea is the key for the random walk theory. In case the present market price of a stock is a full representation of the actual value of the stock, then there is not any way to analysis, which can give an appropriate insight into where the security price will move in future.
The author Malkiel made expansion of the concepts and theory of random walk by provide an argument that the active trading of security is the following proposition. It is because of the transaction cost random characteristics of the price movement which indicates the explanation of the proposition made by the author (Chitenderu, Maredza and Sibanda, 2014). The investment are implemented on different stock market indices to buy and hold philosophies of trade management and it is considered as far better trading strategy by Malkiel with comparing to the short term trading strategies by technical analysis.

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尤金·法玛教授的这篇文章的主要主题是评估证券的未来价值，并认识到支持证券未来价格的因素。然而，总体而言，有两种理论来评估市场，并预测未来的安全价格(DahiyaGaina, 2012)。这两种理论分别是宪章理论和随机漫步理论。宪章理论建立在安全价格的先前行为之上。根据该理论，如果任何人都能有效地理解任何特定安全的价格变化的行为模式，那么个人从股票市场中获利的机会就会增加(Dsouza和Mallikarjunappa, 2015)。教授如何不支持宪章理论，相反，他提倡随机漫步理论。根据文章作者的观点，在证券市场上，由于证券市场价格的变化是独立的，所以之前的图表对于做出任何艰难的投资决策都是没有用的，这与过去的价格没有任何关系(Dunham, 2013)。因此，过去的安全价格不能用来预测未来的价格。

论文对当前金融文献的影响: 这篇论文已经写了将近50年了。然而，本文的理论和概念在当代股票市场上是有关联的，而目前研究这一特定问题的研究人员经常引用这篇文章的理论和原理。学者们正在研究这个问题(证券市场的行为和对未来价格的预测)，并对随机漫步理论(Echaust, 2014)提供了非常重要的意义。该理论认为，市场和证券价格是随机的，它们与过去的价格没有任何联系。证券的过去价格不能影响证券的未来价格。这一理论背后的主要思想是，安全价格的随机性使得人们试图识别价格模式以获取最新信息的好处。具体来说，该理论认为日常的安全价格是独立的(Gallander, 2008)。这意味着，这种势头在本质上并没有持续下去，而且对于任何特定股票的未来增长，都无法预测之前的盈利增长。

The main theme of the article by Professor Eugene F. Fama is to evaluate the future value of the security and to recognize the factors that support in predicting future price of the securities. However, in general, there are two theories that exist to evaluate the market and predict the future price of the security (DahiyaGaina, 2012). The two theories are the chartist theory and the random walks theory. The Chartist theory is founded on the previous behaviour of the security price. According to the theory, if anyone can be able to understand the behaviour pattern of the price change of any specific security efficiently, the chance of the individual to make the profit from the stock market is increased (Dsouza and Mallikarjunappa, 2015). How the Professor did not support the Chartist theory, instead he advocated for the random walks theory. According to the author of the article, the previous charts are not useful for making any tough investment decision in the stock market as the changing of the prices in the security market is independent, and this has not any connection with the past price (Dunham, 2013). Therefore, the past prices of the security cannot be used to predict the future price.

Impact of the paper on current financial literature: However, the paper has been written for almost fifty years. Still, the theories and concepts of the paper are relevant in the contemporary stock market, and the present researchers who work on this particular matter frequently used to refer the theories and principal of this article. The scholars are working in this matter (behaviour of security market and prediction of future price) and providing great importance to random walks theory (Echaust, 2014). The theory states that the markets as well as the security prices are random and they do not have any connection with the past price. The past prices of the security cannot influence the future price of the securities. The main idea behind this theory is that the randomness of security prices makes attempt for recognizing the price patterns to take benefits of latest information. Specifically, the theory argues that the day-to-day security prices are independent (Gallander, 2008). It means that the momentum does not persist in nature and the computation of the previous earning growth cannot be anticipated for future growth of any specific stock.

美国物流学论文代写

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坏消息理论意味着股票价格完全反映了当前的信息。1987年的市场崩盘可以被看作是基于自然的坏消息理论，因为理论的支持者暗示，在泡沫破裂的周末之前收集了大量的坏消息，这解释了价格的急剧下跌。文献表明，随着周末业务的结束，信息的可用性会在证券价格中得到整合。各种各样的新闻，如美元贬值、美国预算和贸易赤字、政治美国总统问题等，以及更多的原因导致了预期的进程。因此，该理论解释了股价的下跌。

另一种理论是对市场失灵的恐惧，市场机制失效的恐惧导致投资者在赎回之前就开始抛售证券，从而导致了预期的失败。这一理论提供了自我修正现象的例子。第三种是过度的套期保值理论，认为投资组合保险是一种对冲策略，增加了崩溃的幅度。两种类型的信息激励和信息自由投资者持续买入和卖出股票。当股票价格快速下跌，导致股票市场崩溃时，这是为确保投资组合的头寸进行保险和再平衡而采取的措施。

The Bad News Theory implies that the stock prices completely reflect the information present. The market crash of 1987 can be regarded as the bad news theory based in nature as the proponents of theory imply that the vast range of bad news was collected prior to the weekend of the bubble burst that explains the sharp decline in prices. It is suggested by the literature that the availability of information gets integrated within the prices of security as the business closes on the weekend. The variety of news such as the devaluation of dollar, twin U budget and trade deficits, political US presidential problems and more resulted in the reduction of the process that were expected. Hence, the theory explains the stock price decline. Another theory is the fear of market failure herein the fear of the market mechanism failure leads to investors towards unloading of securities prior to the callable that in result induced the anticipated failure. This theory provides with the example of self-correction phenomena.

Excess of hedging theory: The third is the excess hedging theory suggesting that the portfolio insurance as one of the hedging strategies increased the magnitude of crash. The two types of information motivation and information free investors continuously buy as well as sell the stocks. This is done for insuring and rebalancing the positions of their portfolio when the prices of equity declines rapidly and this causes the stock market to crash.

美国代写论文：丰田的技术变革

美国代写论文：丰田的技术变革

丰田很容易接受市场上的技术变革，并遵循一项测试组织中所有可用性的新政策。 De Geus（1998）认为，一个拥有比竞争对手更快学习能力的组织可能是该行业唯一的可持续竞争优势，而丰田很清楚这一点，并采取积极的学习技巧付诸实践。关于丰田的一个有趣的事实是，它不是让这个过程看起来是一个阻力和艰难的任务，而是使它看起来非常简单和清晰。这有助于员工采用新的技术变革，如在其制造工厂中使用软件追踪材料移动，测试材料强度，并采用系统广泛采用的技术。

美国代写论文：丰田的技术变革
Dyer和Nobeoka（1998）指出，丰田有意并成功地开发了一些与其供应商的多边和双边知识共享程序，这导致了组织间网络和学习的主动性。这有助于员工在部门的特定领域表现优于测试，将正确的信息传递给团队成员，并在团队中成功工作而不会发生冲突。所有员工的行为都发生了巨大的飞跃，因为他们在开始工作之前也获得了更好的服务，工作保障，实质性培训，并且为工作提供了安全的环境。如果组织愿意接受新技术来发挥作用，员工的行为也需要改变。通过组织视频会议来使用技术是另一种靠近全球子公司的方法。

美国代写论文：丰田的技术变革

Toyota’s adoption of technology
Toyota was very receptive of technological changes in the market and followed a policy of testing all new introduction of its usability in the organization. De Geus (1998) believes that an organization which is possessing the ability to learn faster than their competitors may be the only sustainable competitive advantage in the industry, and Toyota well knew this and adopted aggressive learning techniques to put into practice. The interesting fact about Toyota was that, instead of making the process look a resistance and uphill task, it made it look very simple and clear. This helped the workforce to adopt new technological changes like using software in their manufacturing plant to track materials movements, testing material strength, and adopting a system wide adoption of technology.

美国代写论文：丰田的技术变革
Dyer and Nobeoka (1998) states that Toyota had purposely and successfully developed some multilateral and bilateral knowledge sharing routines with their suppliers which has resulted in a superior inter-organizational network and learning initiative. This has helped employees outperform in specific areas of the division like testing, passing right information to team members and working successfully in a team without conflicts. Behaviour of all employees took a quantum leap because they were also offered better services, job security, substantial training before starting to work, and also providing a safe environment to work for. The behaviours of employees also need to change if the organization readily accepts new technology to come in play. The use of technology by organising video conferencing is another method of remaining close to the global subsidiaries.

美国代写论文：不公平交易

美国代写论文：不公平交易

不合情理的交易可以被描述为不合情理地使用优越的地位损害另一方遭受残疾或者当该方处于不利的地位时。因此，这种交易是在某种情况或条件下发生时，一方与另一方相比处于特殊劣势，而另一方则处于不公平或不合理的优势。在这方面需要建立几个要素。特殊的残疾不仅仅是不平等，而且涉及到判断力受损。同样，利用涉及残疾知识，程序性或实质性的不合情理。另一方应该因不合情理的行为而签订合同。
高盛法院在Blomley诉Ryan案中做出的判决确定了“不合情理”的概念，并且由于高等法院对“澳大利亚商业银行诉Amadio案”的判决而得到加强。因此，根据一般原则，由于某种条件或情况，一方当事人处于特殊劣势，另一方已经采取不公平或不合理的优势时，由于这种特殊的不利条件而产生的机会，在这种情况下案件中，由于不合情理的行为，交易可以由法院撤销。

美国代写论文：不公平交易
本案的事实与澳大利亚商业银行v Amadio的事实相似。在这种情况下，70多岁的意大利夫妇也被儿子和银行经理要求为他们的儿子执行担保。然而，银行经理有充分的理由相信，儿子对他的业务的偿付能力向他的父母撒谎，他也知道父母的经历很少，他们在理解英语方面存在问题。

美国代写论文：不公平交易

An unconscionable dealing can be described as the unconscientiously using superior position to the detriment of the other party suffering from a disability or when the party is in anexceptional position of disadvantage. Therefore, such dealing takes place when as a result of some circumstance or condition, one party has been placed at a special disadvantage as compared to the other party and the other party takes an unfair or unconscientious advantage. There are several elements that need to be established in this regard. The special disability is not a mere inequality but it involves impaired judgment. Similarly, taking advantage involves the knowledge of disability, procedural or substantive unconscionability. The other party should have entered into the contract as a result of the unconscionable conduct.
The notion of “unconscionability” was firmly established by the decision of the High Court given in Blomley v Ryan and it was strengthened by the decision of the High Court given in the case titled ‘Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio’. Therefore, according to the general principle, when, asa result of some condition or circumstances, one party is under a special disadvantage and an unfair or unconscientious advantage has been takenby the other party, of the opportunity created by such special disadvantage, in such a case, the transaction can be set aside by the court due to unconscionable conduct.

美国代写论文：不公平交易
The facts of the present case are similar to the facts of Commercial bank of Australia v Amadio. In this case also, an Italian couple in their 70s was asked by their son and bank manager to execute a guarantee for their son. However the bank manager had strong reasons to believe that the son had lied to his parents regarding the solvency of his business and he also knew that the parents had very little business experience and they had problems in understanding English language.

美国代写论文：广播公司

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美国代写论文：广播公司

本文的重点是“工作中的性别年龄歧视和组织惯例：电视广播中的日子分离案例”。由于年龄歧视和性别歧视问题日益严重，大多数组织甚至是最突出的组织都面临着这个问题，因此这一主题一直受到关注。这篇文章的作者是Simona Spedale等人（2014年）。这篇文章特别被选中是因为它通过调查广播公司中的日程安排参与构建一种只采用青年意识形态而对组织内采取的不平等措施作出贡献的意识形态的方式来促进对性别工作场所年龄化的研究Gorman等2007）。批判话语分析是研究人员用于将就业法庭案件最终判决应用于此的一种方法，其中英国公共服务广播公司面临基于年龄甚至性别的歧视指责。

美国代写论文：广播公司
注意力还集中在日间划分上，该日程划分是根据每周与根据人口统计数据，地理数据和基于收入的标准定义的特定目标受众相关的段的工作来确定的电视节目日常工作。文章进一步利用了BBC节目的案例研究，即“Countryfile”。英国广播公司对这个节目所做的决定是改变它的时间，并改变主持人的时间，把它改变到黄金时段。该节目的主持人决定改变节目，而不是以不同的方式在节目内容和节目方面呈现节目。按照舒曼（Schuman，1995）的日子划分是一个涉及行业合法规范的制度化实践。在密切关注这个领域的时候，清楚分明意识形态的基本性质是什么。

美国代写论文：广播公司

The focus of this paper is on the subject “Gendered Ageism and Organizational routines at work: The case of Day-Parting in Television Broadcasting”. This subject has been focused upon because of the increased extent of ageism and sexism based issues that most organizations even the most prominent ones face today. The authors of this article are Simona Spedale et al (2014). The article has specifically being selected because it contributed to the research of gendered workplace ageism through investigation on the way in which day-parting routines in broadcasting firms take part in constructing an ideology of only adopting the youthfulness ideology contributing towards unequal measures adopted within organization (Gorman et al 2007). Critical discourse analysis is a method which researchers have used for applying the same to the Employment Tribunal court case final judgment where the British broadcaster of public services faces discrimination accusations based on age and even gender.

美国代写论文：广播公司
Attention further is focused on day-parting which is an established television programming routine working in accordance to the segments in each week related to specific targeted audiences defined conventionally depending upon demographic data, geographic data and criteria based on income. The article further has made use of a case study on a BBC program namely, “Countryfile”. The decision that BBC took regarding this program that is to change its time and switch it to a prime time with change in presenter as well. Instead of presenting the show in a different manner in terms of its contents and in term of its presentation, the presenter of the show was decided to be changed. Day-parting according to Schuman (1995) is an institutionalized practice that involves legitimate norms of the industry. When closely advocating this domain, it becomes clear what the fundamental nature of ideology within day-parting is.

美国代写论文：关系数据库

美国代写论文：关系数据库

随着我们的社会在不断增长的发展中，越来越多的文件正在以电子方式创建，传输和存储。有两种流行的数据库，它们是面向对象和对象关系数据库。大约百分之八十八的组织使用关系数据库，另一方面面向对象的数据库被百分之五十五的组织收购用于未来的计划。必须明确理解两种数据库技术的好处，才能做出选择任何一种数据库来处理公司真实问题的决策。

美国代写论文：关系数据库
技术在对象关系数据库和面向对象的数据库中：
特征：
继承：开发者被允许继承，以获取具有相似属性和方法的对象，然后抽象出相似之处。然后，子类从超类继承而来。超类的实例由子类的实例组成，子类的属性与超类的属性类似。继承是单一的，多重的，联合的，互斥的，部分的，重复的和选择性的继承。单继承和多继承被主继承使用。如果继承只有一个超级类，那么这就是所谓的单一继承。另一方面，当子类从多个超类继承时，它被称为多重继承。

美国代写论文：关系数据库

As our society is developing at an increasing rate larger files are being created, transmitted and stored electronically. There are two popular kinds of databases and these are object-oriented and object-relational databases. About eighty-eight percent of organizations use relational databases and on the other hand the object oriented databases are acquired by fifty-five percent of the organization for their future plans. The benefits of technology of two kinds of databases must be understood clearly so that decisions can be taken for choosing any one kind of databases for dealing with the real problem of the company.

美国代写论文：关系数据库
Technology in object-relational database and in object-oriented database:
Features:
Inheritance: The developers are allowed in inheritance for taking the objects having similar attributes and methods and then similarities are abstracted out of them. Then the subclasses are created inherited from a super -class. The instances of the super-class are composed of the instances of the subclasses and the properties of subclass are similar to the properties of the super-class. The inheritances are of various types such as single, multiple, union, mutual exclusion, partial, repeated, and selective inheritance. The single inheritance and multiple inheritances are used by the primary inheritances. Where the inheritance is only one super-class then that is known as single inheritance. On the other hand when the subclass inherits from more than one super-class it is known as multiple inheritance.

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